Wavy» aw
i
The plan of providing some intermedhite courts
having final appellate jurisdiction of certain:
classes, of- questions and cases, has, Ithink, re
eivodamore general approval from the bone}:
and bar of the country than any other. Without
attemptingto discuss details, Irecomm‘end that
provision be made for the establishment of suci:
conrts ’
"r‘he salaries of the judges of the district courts
in many of [the [districts are, in my judgment, in-
adequate. I recommend that all such salaries
now below $5,000 per annum be increased to that '
amount. It is quite true that the amount of labor
performed by these judges is very unequal; but
as they cannot properly engage in other pursuit!
is) supplement their incomes, the salary should bf
such in all cases as to provide an independent ano
comfortable support.
Earnest attention should be given by congress
to a consideration of the question how far the re
straint of those combinations of capital commonly
called “trusts" is matter of federal jurisdiction
When organized, as they often are, to crush out
all healthy competition and to monopolize the
production or sale of an article of commerce and
general necessity, they are dangerous conspire
ales against the public good, and should be made
the subject of prohibitory and even penal legis
lation.
The subject of an international copyright has
been frequently commended to the attention oi
congress by my predecessors. The enactment 01
such a law would be eminently wise and just.
Our naturalization laws should be so revised as
to make the inquiry into the moral character
and good disposition towards our government oi
are persons applying for citizenship more then
ough. This can only be done by taking fullei
control of the examination, by fixing the time;
for hearing such applications, and by requiring
the presence of some one who shall represent the
government in the inquiry. Those who are the
avowed enemies of social order, or who come to out
shores to swell the injurious influence and to ex-
tend the evil practices of any association that do
has our laws, should not only be denied citizen
ship, but a domicile.
The enactment of a national bankrupt law of a
oharacter to be a permanent part of our general
legislation is desirable. It should be simple in its
methods and inexpensive in its administration.
The Postmaster General’s Report.
The report of the postmaster general not only
exhibits the operations of the department for the
bstfiscal year, but contains many valuable sug-'
gestions for the improvement and extension of
the service, which are commended to your atten-
tion. No other branch of the government has so
close a. contact with the daily life of the people.
Almost every one uses the service it offers, and
every hour gained in the transmission of the
great commercial mails has an actual and possi-
ble value that only those engaged in trade can
understand.
The saving of one day in the transmission of the
mails between New York and San Francisco,
which has recently been accomplished, is an inci‘
dent worthy of mention.
The plan suggested Of a supervision of the post.
offices in separate districts that shall involve in
struction and suggestion and a rating of the
efiicieucy of the postmasters would, I have no
doubt, greatly improve the service. * * *
Secretary Tracy’s Report.
The report of the secretary of the navy shows a
reorganization of the bureaus of the department
that will, I do not doubt, promote the efficiency of
each.
In general, satisfactory progress has been
made in the construction of the new ships of
war authorized by congress. The first vessel of
the new navy, the Dolphin, was subjected to
very severe trial tests and to very much adverse
criticism. But it is gratifying ,to be able to state
that a cruise around the world, from which she
has recently returned, has demonstrated that
she is a first class vessel of her rate.
The report of the secretary shows that while
the effective force of the navy is rapidly increas-
ing, by reason of the improved build and arma-
ment of the new ships, the number of our ships
fit for sea duty grows very slowly. We had, on
the 4th of March last, thirty-seven serviceable
ships, and though four have since been added to
the list, the total number has not been increased,
Momma in the mean time four have been lost
or condemned. Twenty-six additional vessels
have been authorized and appropriated for, but it
is probable that when they. are completed our list
will only be increased tofortytwo, a gain, of five.
The old wooden ships are disappearing almost as
fast as the new vessels are added. These facts
carry their own argument. One of the new ships
may, in fighting strength, be equal to two of the
old, but it cannot gdo the cruising duty of two. It
'as important, therefore, that we should have a
more rapid increase in the number of serviceable
ships. I concur in the recommendation or the
secretary that the construction of eight armored
ships, three gunboats and five torpedo boats be
authorized.
An appalling calamity befall three of our naval
vessels on duty at the Samoan islands, in the
harbor of Apia, in March last, involving the loss
or four officers and forty-seven seamen, of two
vessels, the Trenton and the Vandalia, and the
disabling of a third, the Nipsic. Three vessels oi
the German navy, also in the harbor, shared with
our ships the force of the hurricane and suffered
even more heavily. While mourning the brave '
oiiiccrs and men who died, facing with high re-
solve perils greater tlnu those of battle, it it
most gratifying tostate that the credit of the
American navy for seamhnship, courage, and
generosity was magnificently sustained in the
storm beaten harbor of Apia.
(The president hero speaks at length of the
progress and condition of the Indian on gov-
ernment reservations, and refers to the
Sioux and Cherokee n‘egotistions.)
The Opening in! Oklahoma.
Under the agreement made between the United
totes and the Muscogeo (or Crook) nation of
Indians on the 19th day of January, 1889, an ab
solute title was secured by the United States to
about three and a half millions of acres of land.
Section 12 of the general Indian appropriation
act, approved March 2, 189, made provision for
the purchase by the United States from the Sem-
inole tribe of a certain norflen of their lands.
The delegates of the Seminole nation, having
first duly evinced to me their power to act in that
behelf, delivered a proper roloaso and convey-
ance to the United States of all tho lands men-
tioned in the act, which was accepted by me and
certified to be in compliance with the statute.
By the terms of both the acts referred to all the
lands so purchased were declared to be a part oi
the public domain, and open to settlement under
the homestead law. But of tho lands embraced
in these purchases, being in the aggregate about
five and a half million acres, three and a half mil-
lion acres had already, under its terms of the
treaty of 1800‘, been acquired by the United States
for the purpose of settling othor Indian tribe.
thereon, and had been appropriated to that pur-
pose. The land remaining and available for set
tlement consisted of 1,837,798 notch, surrounded on
all sides by lands in the occupancy of Indian
tribes. Congress had provided no civil govern-
ment for the people who were to be invited by my
melamation to settle upc- thoso Ian except as
the new court, which had been esta lished at
Muscogee, or the United States courts in some of
the adjoining states, had power to onforco the
general laws of the United Siam.
In this condition of things I was quite reluctant
to open the lands to settlb‘nont. But in view oi
the fact that several thousand persons, may ct
them with their families, had gathered upon the
borders of the Indian Territory, with a view t4:
securing homesteads on the coded lands, and that
delay would involve them is much leis and enter
ing, Idid, on the23ddayof March last, lane
melamation declaring that tho lands therein do
scribed would be open to settlement under thi
provisions of the lawcn the 861 day r)1 April fol
lowing, at 12 o‘clock noon Two land districts had
been mtablished and the once! woro open for the
transaction of businem who‘s to appeared ttnn
arrived. --' » -
It is mounts the credit echo settlers that the)
’ very generally-observed tho limitation as to tin
time when they , ht esbrfiohrmory. Car;
willbetakenthat' “wipe-tarot! isviolgtio
a. the law do not secure “advantage they on
fairly sought. Therowao a good deal of appre
hemionthat the suits for » location would result
h'much viola-oust . buthoppily thesl
anticipation! was. not ' _ . It to ‘ostimam
that then-adannmv into stout .03.!”
plan mm towns. on
”m up. for will “ammo“ sov
, ‘jshavoboenorgosilstét «Wotan
1310307 on ' ‘_ ' 0001,“. : vei
' hand .73 ' ohms“ huts-n established
' throedailyond live weekly newspapersan
" ed in this city; while donor and ordi .
fi’ ’rhavoonly the sanction of the voluntarj '
fines of flip people from day to day.
' ma City Mi 1 Motion of about fivl
, would be beneficial.
N O R W A LKfiGRAZ E-TT E , W E D NE SD AY DECEM BEER-1* 11:
thousand, and is proportionately as well provided
as Guthrie with churoha, schools and newspa-
Other towns and villages having popula-
tions of from one hundred to a thousand are scat-
tered over the territory. a . , -
In order to secure the peace of thisnew com-
munity, in the absence of civil government, I di-
‘rectediGen. Merritt, commanding the Department
. of the MISsouri, to actin conjunction With the
marshals of the United States to preserve $119
peace, and upon their requisition to use the
troops to aid them in executing warrants and in
quieting any riots or. breaches of the peace that
might Occur. He was further directed to use his
influence to promote good order and to avoid any
conflicts between or with the settlers. Believing
that the introduction and sale of liquors, where
no legal restraints or regulations existed, would
endanger the public peace, and in view of the
fact that such liquors mustfirst be introduced
into the Indian reservations before reaching the
white settlements, I further directed the general
commanding to enforce the laws relating to the
introduction of ardent spirits into the Indian
country.
nghe presence of the troops has given a sense of
security to the well disposed citizens, and has
tended to restrain the lawless. In one instance
the officer in immediate command of the troops
went further than I deemed justifiable in sup-
porting the de facto municipal government of
Guthrie, and he was so informed and directed to
limit the interference of the military to, the sup-
port of the marshals on the lines indicated in the
original order. I very urgently recommend that
congress at once provide a territorial govern-
ment for these people. Serious questions, which
may at any time lead to violent outbreaks, are
awaiting the institution of courts for their peace-
ful adjustment. The American genius for self
government has been well illustrated in Oklap
home, but it is neither safe nor wise to leave these
people longer to the expedients which have tem-
porarily served them.
Provision should be made for the acquisition of
title to town lots in the towns now established in
Alaska, for locating town sites and for the estab-
lishment of municipal governments. Only the
mining laws have been extended to that territory,
and no other form of title to lands can now be ob—
tained. The general land laws Were framed with
reference to the disposition of agricultural lands,
and it is doubtful if their operation in Alaska
in s s
In the administration of the land laws the policy
of facilitating, in every proper way, the adjust
ment of the honest claims or individual settlers
upon the public lands has been pursued. The
number of pending cases had, during the preced-
ing administration, been greatly increased under
the operation of orders for a time suspending
final action in a. large part of the cases origi-
nating in the west and northwest, and by the sub-
sequent use of unusual methods of examination.
Only those who are familiar with the conditions
under which our agricultural lands have been set,
tied can appreciate the serious and often fatal
consequences to the settler of a policy that puts
his title under suspicion, or delays the issuance
of his patent. While care is taken to prevent and
to expose fraud, it should not be imputed without
reason.
The manifest, purpose of the homestead and
preemption laws was to promote the settlement
of the public domain by persons havinga bona
fide intent to make a home upon the "selected
lands. Where this intent has been well estab—
lished and the requirements of the law have been
substantially complied with, the claimant is en-
titled tcaprompt and friendly consideration of
his case. But where there is reason to believe
that the claimant is the mere agent of another,
who is seeking to evade a law intended to promote
small holdings, and to secure by fraudulent
methods large tracts of timber and other lands,
both principal and agent should not only be
thwarted in their fraudulent purpose, but should
be made to feel the full penalties of our criminal
statutes. The laws should be so administered as
not to confound these two classes, and tovisit
penalties only upon the latter.
(Reference is here made to New Mexico
and Arizona land titles.)
Pensions.
The law now provides a pension for every soldier
and sailor who was mustered into the service of
the Uniteu Status during the civil war and is now
suflering from wounds or disease having an origin
in the service and in the line of duty. Two of the
three necessary facts, via, muster and disability,
are usually susceptible of easy proof; but the
third, origin in the service, is often difilcult, and
in many deserving cases impossible to establish.
That very many of those who endured the hard-
ships of our most bloody and arduous campaigns
are now disabled from diseases that had a. real but
not traceable origin in the service I do not doubt.
Besides these there is another class composed
of men many of whom served an enlistment of
three full years, and of re-enlisted veterans who
added a fourth year of service, who escaped the
casualtiesof battle and the assaults of disease,
who were always ready for any detail, who were
in every battle line of their command, and were
mustered out in sound health, and have, since the
close of the war, while fighting with the same
indomitable and independent spirit the contests
of civil life, been overcome by disease or cas-
ualty.
I am not unaware that the pension roll already
involves a very large annual expenditure, neither
am I deterred by that fact from recommending
that congress grant a. pension to such honorably
discharged soldiers and sailors of the civil war as
having rendered substantial service during the
war are now dependent upon their own labor for
a maintenance, and by disease or casualty are in-
capacitated from earning it. Many of the men
who would be included in this form of relief are
now dependent upon public aid, and it does not,
in my judgment, consist with the national honor
that they shall continue to subsist upon the local
relief given indiscriminately to paupers instead of
upon the special and generous provision of the
nation they served so gallantly and unselfishly.
Our people will. I am sure, very generally ap-
prove such legislation. Aud I am equally sure
that the survivors of the Union army and navy
will feel a grateful sense of relief when this
worthy and suffering class of thsir comrades is
fairly cared for.
There are some manifest inequalities in the ex-
isting law that should be remedied. To some of
these the secretary of the interior has called atw
tention.
It is gratifying to be able to state that by the
adoption of new and better methods in the war
department the calls of the pension office for in-
formation as to the military and hospital records
of pension claimants are now promptly answered,
and the injurious and vekatious delays that have
heretofore occurred are entirely avoided. This
will greatly facilitate the adjustment of all pend-
ing claims.
(The president then speaks of the four new
states.)
Protection of Railroad Employ“.
The attention of the interstate commerce com-
mission bas been called to the urgent need of
congressional legislation for the better protection
of the lives and limbs of those engaged in operat-
ing the great interstate freight lines of the coun—
try, and especially of the yardnien and brake-
men. A petition, signed by nearly 10,000 railway
brakcmen, was presented to the commissiba ask-
ing that steps might be taken to bring about the
use of automatic brakes and couplers on freight
cars.
At a meeting of state railroad commissioners
and their accredited representatives, held at
Washington in March last, upon the invitation of
the interstate commerce commission, a raolution
was unanimously adopted urging the commission
“to consider what can be done to prevent thaloss
of life and limb in coupling and uncouplkg freight
cars, and in handling the brakes of such cars.“
During the year ending June 80, 1888, over 2,000
railroad employes were killed in service, and more
than 20,000 injured.
”I. is competent, I think, for congress to require
uniformity in the construction of can used is in-
terstate commerce, and the use of improved
safety appliances upon such trains. Time will be
necessarytomake the needed change, but as‘
earnest and intelligent beginning should be node
at once. It is a reproach to our civilisation that
any class of American workmen should, ,in the
pursuit of a necessary and useful vocation, be
subjected to a peril of life and limb as great as
that of a soldier in tune of war.
(The president then speaks of tho dopart-
ment of agriculture, the weather service,
and the District of Columbia.) '
The proposition to observe, thofoui' buadroth'
anniversary of the discovery‘of America by the
opening of a world‘s fair; or exposition iii-some
one of our great cities wiltbs mated for tho
consideration of congress. Tho value and inter-
est of such an exposition may woil claim the pro-
motion of the general gavel-smut. -
curlt .of the. la. - I isvoko
.riwsyattontiomf)
In the course of lengthy reference to tho
civil service commission, he says:
The reform of the civil service will make no
safe or Satisfactory advance until the present law
and its equal administration are well established
in the confidence of the people. It will, be my
pleasure, as it is my duty, to see that the law is
executed with firmness and impartiality. If
some of its provisions have been fraudulently
evaded by appointing officers, our resentment
should not suggest the repeal of the law, but re
form in its administration. We should have one
view of the matter, and hold it with a sincerity
that is not atIected by the consideration that the
party to which we belong is for the time in power.
My predecessor, on the 4th day of January, 1889,
by an executive order to take effect March 15,
brought the railway mail service under the opera-
tion of the civil service law. Provision was made
that the order should take effect sooner in any
state where an eligible list was (sooner obtained.
On the 11th day of March, Mr. Lyman, then the
only member of the commission, reported to me .
in writing that it would not be possible to have
the list of eligibles ready before May 1, and re-
quested that the taking efiect of the order be
postponed until that time, which was done, sub-
ject to the same provision contained in the origi-
nal order as to states in which an eligible list was
sooner obtained.
As a result of the revision of the rules, of the
new classification, and of the inclusion of the rail-
way maii service, the work of the commission has
been greatly increased, and the present clerical
force is found to be inadequate. I recommend
that the additional clerks asked by the commis
sion be appropriated for. * * *
I am satisfied that both in and out of the classi-
fied service great benefit would accrue from the
adoption of some system by which the officer
would receive the distinction and benefit that, in
all private employments, comes from exceptional
faithfulness and efficiency in the performance of
duty.
I have suggested to the heads of the executive
departments that they consider whether a record
might not be kept in each bureau of all those ele-
ments that are covered by the terms “faithful-
ness” and “efficiency,” and a rating made showing
the relative merits of the clerks of each class, this
rating to be regarded as a test of merit in making
promotions. _
I have also suggested to the postmaster general
that he adopt some plan by which he can, upon
the basis of the reports to the department and of
frequent inspections, indicate the relative merit
of postmasters of each class. They will be ap-
propriately indicated in the ofiicial register and in
the report of the department. That a great stim-
ulus would thus be given to the whole service I do
not doubt, and such a record would be the best
defense against inconsiderate removals from office.
(The president here suggests a. national ex-
perimental grant in aid of education.)
The “Color Question.”
The colored people did not intrude themselves
upon us; they were brought here in chains and
held in' the communities where they are new
chiefly found, by a cruel slave code. Happily for
both races they are now free. They have,'from
a standpoint of ignorance and 'poverty, which
was our shame. not theirs, made remarkable ad-
vances in education and in the acquisition of_
property. They have, as a people, shown them-
selves to be friendly and faithful towards the
white race, under temptations of tremendous
strength. They have their representatives in the
national cemeteries where a grateful government
has gathered the ashes of those who died in its
defense.
They have furnished to our regular army regi-
ments that have won high praise from their com-
manding ofilcers for courage and soldieriy quali-
ties, and for fidelity to the enlistment oath. In
civil life they are now the toilets of their com-
munities, making their full contribution to the
widening streams of prosperity which these com-
munities are receiving. Their sudden withdrawal
would stop production, and bring disorder into
the household as well as the shop. Generally,
they do not desire to quit their homes, and their
employers resent the interference of the emigra-
tion agents who seek to stimulate such a desire.
But, notwithstanding all this, in many parts of
our country where the colored population is large
the people of that race are, by various devices,
deprived of any effective exercise of their politi-
cal rights and of many of their civil rights. The
wrong does net expend. itself upon those whose
votes are suppressed. Every constituency in the
Union is wronged.
It has been. the hope of every. patriot that a
sense of justice and of respect for the law would
work a gradual cure of these flagrant evils.
Surely no one suppOses that the present can be
accepted as a permanent condition. If it is said
that these communities must work out this prob-
lem for themselves, we have a right to ask whether
they are at work upon it. Do they suggest any
solution? When and under what conditions is
the black man to have a free ballot? When is he
in fact to have those full civil rights which have
so long been his in law? When is that equality
of influence which our form of government was
intended to secure to the electors to be restored?
This generation should courageously face these
grave questions, and not leave them as a heritage
of woe to the next. ,The consultation should
proceed with candor, calmness and great pa-
tience; upon the lines of justice and humanity,
not of prejudice ‘ and cruelty. No question in
our country can be at rest except upon the firm
base of justice and of the law.
I earnestly invoke the attention of congress to
the consideration of such measures within its
well defined constitutional powers as will secure
to all our people a free exercise of the right of
suifrage and every other civil right under the con-
stitution and laws of the United States.
either on the part of the executive or of congress,
of powers not granted; but both will be highly
blamable if all the powers granted are not wisely
but firmly used to correct these evils. The power
to take this whole direction and control of the
election of members of the house of representa-
tives is clearly given to the general government.
A partial and qualified supervision of these elec-
tions is now provided for by law, and in my opinion
this law may be so strengthened and extended as
to secure, on the whole. better results than can be
attained by a law taking all the processes of such
election into federal control. The colored man
should be protected in all of his relations to the
federal government, whether as litigant, juror,
or witness in our courts, as an elector for mem-.
bers of congress, or as a peaceful traveler upon
our interstate railways.
The Merchant Marine.
In the course of his remarks on the mor-
chant marine, the following occurs:
I recommend that such appropriations be made
for ocean mail service. in American steamships,
between our ports and those of Central and
ouch America, China. Japan and the important
islands in both of the great oceans, as will be lib-
erally remunerative for the service rendered,
and as will encourage the establishment and in
some fair degree equalize the chances of Ameri~
can steamship lines is the competitions which
they must .moet. That we American states ly-
ing south of us will cordially co-operate in es-
tablishing and maintaining such lines of steam~
ships to their fl'incipai porui I do not doubt.
We should 0 make provision for a naval re-
serve to consist of such merchant ships, of Amer-
ican construction and of a specified tonnage and
speed as the owners will consent to plus at the
use of the government, in case of need, as armed
cruisers. England has adopted this policy, and
as a result can now, upon necessity, at once place
upon her naval list some of the fastest steamship-
in the world. A proper supervision of the col-
struction of such vessels would make their con-
version into eflective ships of war very easy.
I am an advocate of economy in our national
expenditures, but it is a misuse of terms to make
th 3 word doscribo a policy that withholds an ex-
penditure for the purpose of extending our for-
eign commerce. T e enlargement and mprovo-
ment of our merchant marine, the development
of a sufficient body of trained Ameri . men,
the motion of rapid and r in _ commu-
nica ' betareen the ports of 0 her countries and
our own, an the adaptation of large and swift
American;merchant steamships to naval uses, _
time of war, are public purposes of the highest
c¥hcurdlaod rt‘it' r" linth
o rg pa lopsiono ourpecpe to
carry' trade, the new and increased m rkets
that be opened for the prod to of our arms
and factories, and the fuller as better employ-
ment of Our mechanics, which will result from a
liberal retraction of our foreign commerce, insure
the wt at possible allusion of benefit to all the
states and to allour people. Everything is most
pro itious for the present inauguration of a lib-
era and progressive policy upon this subject, and
weshoul enter upon it with pi'omptnoss and do-
cislon. , .
The legislation will I havo suggested, in:
{Laurel {believedgudpgmoto tho t’ye‘ad‘.‘
none 'oureoun ' o ‘ on so-
0 and so,-
congross to the «mum.
of these and such other. measures as may be pro-
sonted, having the some great and h . , 1'
Estonia Mansion. Washington..- a has ' l i393
No evil, 3
however deplorable, can justify the assumption, ‘
‘ Queen Anne was plain and plentiful.
FARE 0F OURANGESTORS.
-thAT THEY ATE SOME TWO AND
THREE- HUNDRED YEARS AGO.
Very Fond of Grease—Sugar at High Fig-
ures—Bread Was a Staple and Made in
Many Varieties—Tho Englhh Pudding-
From Fingers to Forks.
The most interesting part of history is that
which the historians often omit to notice.
The wars and the laws and who made them
we know. They are what the , historian
chiefly cares for; but while these are im-
‘ portant, scarcely less so and far more inter-
esting are the social customs, the dress and
food and the every day life of past centuries.
If in all eras the Englishman’s appetite has
been famous, he has not always been able to
employ it upon the same material. In Anglo-
Saxon times and long after the staple food of
the multitude was broad, butter and cheese.
A few of the coarser vegetables were added,
and it was only on occasions that this was
diversified by "salted bacon and pancakes,
beef or fish.” The meat, when it was to be
had, was usually boiled over a tripod. “The
kettle” in which this was done, says the
author of “Old Cookery Books,” was “the
universal vessel for boiling purposes, and the
bacon house, or larder, was the warehouse
for the winter stock of provisions." In al-
most all the foods strong condiments like
garlic and pepper were freely used. Phil-
ology shows that the Saxon food was broad,
butter and cheese, for beef, veal, mutton,
pork and bacon retain the names given by
the Normans.
THE EVOLUTION OF run FORK.
“In the Tenth century colloquy of Arch-
bishop Alfric,” says Mr. Carew Hazlett, “the
boy is made to say that he is too young to eat
meat, but subsists on cabbages, eggs, fish,
cheese, butter and beans,” and the drink,
which was rarely ale, was usually water.
The nursery rhyme tells us of King Alfred’s
“bag pudding of barley meal, with raisins
and meat.” The frying pan, Mr. Hazlett
says, preceded the grill, “just as the fork
lagged behind the spoon, from which it is a
seeming evolution.” For centuries in Eng-
land there was a prejudice against the fork,
which displaced the fingers, and forks at first
were the privilege only of kings. When
Coryat employed one after his visit to Italy,
where the instrument originated in the Elev-
enth century, he was nicknamed Fureifer. It
took six hundred years, or until the Seven-
teenth century, to establish it England, and
even then it did not attain general use. A
country boor “still eats his bacon or his her-
ring with his fingers, just as Charles XII of
Sweden buttered his bread with his royal
thumb.”
. It is said that the origin of washing the
hands before eating arose from the fact that
food at first was eaten wholly—all mound the
table dipping into one dish—with the hands.
Now, with the finger bowl, an ablation ends
as well‘as precedes the meal. Carving knives,
like the fork, were at first a luxury, and as
late as the close of the Fifteenth centurylwero
confined to kings’ tables and those of the no-
bility. Butter was not much used in England
before the Norman conquest, although the
Englishman, unlike the Italian, had no oil for
a substitute. ,Of the iniz'lwililctiori of sugar
there is no certain (lute given. Mr. Hazlitt
thinks it must bar-.- Z-:;-_: ‘lll‘i'e and clear in
12.57, “when Henry Ill _ 2:411 the mayor of
Winchester to procure him three pounds of
Alexandria sugar, if S!) such (futlllfl be got,
and also some rose and Violet; colored sugar;
nor had it grown more plentiful when the
some prince ordered the slicriil’s of London to
send him four loaves of sugar to I’i'oodstock.”
Before the end of the Thirteenth century,
however, it gained ground and could gener-
ally be produced. It was then sold by the
m“
loaf or pound at what would be or}; to 75~ 19tf
cents a pound in Ariierican currency.
There were several kinds of bread used in
the Fifteenth century. Palm main was broad
made of very white flour. In addition. to
this, there was to be had coarser “wheat
bread, also barley meal bread, bran bread,
pea bread, oat bread or out cakes, hard bread
and unlcavened bread.” Rye lentils and oat-
meal wcre sometimes mixed for bread for the
poor. Certain coarse fish were once eaten
which have not been in modern times much
esteemed. Porpoise pie, once eaten, was
finally ridiculed in the time of James I as “a
dish which not even a dog would eat,” al-
though in our own times on the Hudson river
it is the sturgeon, “very likea porpoise,” that
used to be called “Albany beef,” perhaps so
called because the early Dutch may have
gone to that city’s market to get it.
COOKERY IN THE SEVENTERNTE CENTURY.
In the Seventeenth century Eng] ish- cookery
began to improve and took hints from the
continental nations. Travel increased and
tOurists brought home recipes like the-follow-
ing: “To make a Portugal dish,” “To make
a. Virginia dish,” “A Persian dish,” “A Span-
ish Olio,” etc. The following also were prob-
ably by travelers: “To make the Lady
Abergavenry’s cheese,” “Lord Conway’s re-
ceipt for amber puddings,” “To make a
posset, the Earl of Arundel’s way.” When
‘ the fame of foreign dishes was well estab—
lished French and Italian cooks came to
England and entered service. But the oppo~
sitiou to French cookery was heard from
more than one voice. Mr. Hazlitt says Charles
Lamb in more modern times did not like it.
The critics of the time said it disguised the
real flavor of the meat. It might do for a
hot climate, but “it is here,” says the author
of “Antiquitates Culinariaa,” “the art of
spoiling good meat.”
Addison says that living in in the days of
A din-
nor was only two courses. “Two plain
dishes,” he says, “with two or three good
natured, cheerful, ingenious friends, would
‘ make me more pleased and vain than all that
pomp and luxury can bestow.” Dinner then,
aslater, was the main meal. Misson says:
“The English eat a great deal at dinner.
They resta while and to it again till they
have quite stufled their pauuch. Then sup-
per is moderate—gluttons at noon and absti-
nent at night. I heard that they were great
flesh eaters, and I found it true.” Many peo-
ple in England, he says, “never eat any
bread, while they chew meat by whole
mouthfuls. Their vegetables fairly swim in
grease.” Deep potations were common every-
where. You see so late as in Dickens’ novels
how good cheer in eating and drinking is
really an English inheritance. The English
pudding came down from two or more cen-
turies ago, and it .was made, says Misson,
“fifty different ways,” but always with meats
and sweets. And he describes it 200years
ago as most excellent. To come in pudding
time is as much as to say to come in the most
lucky moments in the world. Blood pud-
dings and marrow puddings abounded.—Jod
Benton in New York Herald.
Every Man His Own Photoglapber.
The latest thing in sun picturing is a self
acting photographic apparatus by which the
operator can take his or her own picture
without the aid of a professor of the art.
Perhaps some people will now find out how
ugly they really are, and have no one to
blame .it. on except themselves. It, maybe '
added that the machine is a nickel-in-the-slot
affair at present, but it will soon get outside
such narrow limits as that—Chicago Herald.
l
\
\VILI. CURE the, Kidneys.
RBGULA'I‘E the Heart, and
‘ MAKES LIFE, worth living
“ You can’t afford to be without it.”
GEO.WA.RZD DELI-BOX,
unansnsnook’s BLOCK. WALL smear,
FAMILY GROCERIES.
ATENTS I
G. n. DYING-1'01",
n, o
Washingtc D 0.
”mm... Bulilillmioi: Maldives
PATENT OFFICE.
ll. ll. celestial), ’
Investments, Real Estate and Insurance,
ROOM 2, MASON IC BUILDING.
W'm. Lockwood,
Real Estate, Insurance and Investment
Securities.
MONEY 'I'O LOAN.
Insurance Placed in First-Class Companies
Office—Cor. MAIN & \VALL s'rs., NORWALK
1y 13' —.
DENTISTRY!
Everything in Dentistry, and Everything
Fully Warranted.;
W. H. BALDWIN, ii. D. a,
68 Wall St., Norwalk, Ct.
J. BELDEN iiUililiiU'l‘T,
Attorney and Counselor at Law,
Room No. 4, Up Stairs.
GAZETTE BUILDING, NORWALK, CONN.
ALEX. S. GIBSON,
Organist of 1 st Congregat ions] Church , Waterbury,
Teacher 0 f
Pianoforte, Organ and Musical
Composition,
Look Box39 1’ O..NORWALK.CONN.
NC 1),
ETNA INSURA ‘
Charter Perpetu
incorporated 1819.
CAPITAL AND ASSETS, $8,902,972.64.
Insures against loss and damage by Fire, on
terms adopted to the hazard and consistent with
he laws «if compensation. COWLES & MERRILL,
SoleAgems for Norwalk and vicinity.
lNElt D. RANDALL, Architect and Super
intendent.
1 Plans and Specifications for all kinds of Build-
rigs.
Artistic designs for Stairways, mantels, side-
boards, etc. ‘
Framing or working plans for all kinds of build-
in gs accurately made.
Office, Cor Main and Wall sts.,Norwalk. Open
Wednesday and Saturday evenings.
Residence, Riverside avc., East Norwalk. lyl
Building Materials, Sac.
UIL DING STONE, all qualities of sand, cel
lars dug, gardens and grounds renovated
horses and carts for hire. 1 have some thoroughly
rotted and very fine manure for flower'bedl.
J. W. EDMUNDS,
No.6 South Union Avenue.
P. 0. Box 654, Norwaltk
PLYMOUTH ROCK ICE.
I HAVE a large quantity of Ice on hand. It was
_ frozen on pure water. It is clear, clean and
solid ice.“ All orders promptly attended to.
Thanking my customers for past favors,l solicit
a continuance of their patronage.
R. L. ILLS.
THE
Norwaik Fire insurance Co.
Has now completed its
180.1 SUCCESSFUL BUSINESS YEAR
And ans not outstanding a dollar of unpaid losses
orclaims for losses. No sound company leisure:
for less.
W. C. Smear, Pres, GEO. B. ST. JOHN, Tress,
G30. R. Cowr.ss_ Secretary.
Express.
Patronize the old reliable
ADAMS EXPRESS COMPANY.
LOW RATES AND PROMPT DELIVERY.
Branch Office, Norwalk. at S. K. Stanley’s
Main Oiilee at Depot, South Norwalk. tfi'a
L. HUNT, Agent.
e. A. FRANKE,
THE HAIRGUTTER,
No. l Gazette Building.
HOT AND COLD BATHS.
PENSIONS
And GOVERNMENT CLAIMS my solo busi-
ness. Rejected and increase claims a speciality.
Don’t delay. Address or visit
GEN. WM. NOBLE,
No. 91 Srnl'rronn Ava, Bnrooaronr, Cr.
H E N R Y H It s 8 ,
Restaurant, Call and Smulinl Rlnil,
Grand Central Station,
421) STREET AND 4111 AVENUE, New Your:
Entrance from waiting room, New York, New
Haven and Hartford railroad. . use
FOR KEEPING
CIDER SWEET
USE
ANTIFERMENTINE.
0NLY.30 CENTS A PACKAGE.
~ A'l‘ HALE’S DRUG STORE.
Sewing Machines.
0F every kind and make, repaired. cleaned
and guaranteed. All orders left at
Spencer’s Jewelry Store,
Will receive prompt attention.
apes
C. J. GRUHAN.
Norwallr~:~ Gazette
JOB PRINTING ESTABLISHMENT.
Wedding Cards, ' Posters,
Visiting Cards, Handbills,
Business Cards, Programmes.
Fancy Show Cards, ' Dodgers, ‘
Bail Cards , Billheads,
Statements, Circulars,
Tag Cards, Receipts,
Town and Probate Records, Letter Headings,
Books and Pamphlets, Note Headings, '-
Hotel Registers. Milk Tickets
Printed in the ,Neatest Styles and at the Lowest
Prices.
Call and got estimates.
Engraved Wedding Cards a Spooning.
a
‘ o. E WILSON.
General Insurance l Real Estate Agent
Money to Loan.
Stocks, Bonds &c., Bought and Sold,
and Loans Negotiated at Lowest
- Rates of Interest.
ROO'tI N0. 3 GAZETTE BUILDING
' W. H. nEnKER,
Plumbing, Steam all lax Filling,
SOUTH NORWALK , CONN.
Sanitary Plumbing, and Ventilation, and
Low Pressure Steam floating, a Specialty.
PLUMBERS’ SUPPLIES.
Pipe and Fitting for Steam and Gas.
Agent for the Florida Low Pressure Boiler.
Facilities for Cutting and Threading all Sizes 0f
l'ipe. 50tf
T0 HORSE OWNERS !
We keep constantly on hand a good assortment of
Kentucky and Ohio Horses,
selected with great care in the western markets.
We have horses suitable feral] purposes and no
one who wants a thoroughly reliable animal should
purchase before seeing what we have to oiler.
We also keep constantly on hand at our Carriage
Reposuory a complete line of CARRIAGES from
the best makers, which are manufactured for us
to speciril order ; every carriage warranted.
WAGUNS and (3A li’l‘S of every description.
HARNESSES, WIIII’S, RUBES, BLANKETS
DANN’S LIVERY STABLE,
OFFICE 48 VVALL ST., NORWALK
OPP. I). it N. it. it. DEPOT 35
Geo. SH. Raymond,
Furniture Dealer,
AT THE OLD STAND. '
36 MAIN STREET.
Large Sleek of all kinds of Furniture Cheap
for Cash. Also
FURNISHING UNDERTAKER.
I am prepared to take charge day or night and
furnisheverylliiug necessary for the internent of
tile dead. 'l‘elepiiouc Connection with residence
N o. 3 'Berkle y l’lace. 1y5
FURNITURE
A Full Stock of Furniture of all kinds-
? BLUE All i BEBRUSMSETS
a specialty.
DAVID ' STOW,
MainSlleei app. {Repel
SOUTH NORWALK, 00va
GENERAL MARKET
Meat, Fish, Vegetables. 01c.
LOCKWOOD it LOIHIWOOD.
MAIN STREET.
All kinds of the best qualities of Meals, Fish,
Clams, Vegetables. etc., are kept constantly on
hand, and will be sold by us as low as can be pro-
cured at any market in Norwoik. We intend to
prove to our customers that. we deserve their
patronage by fair and generous dealing.
lv40 LOCKWOOD dc LOCK WOOD.
F. w. JAQUI. JR.
DEALER IN
Sifllli,P0l‘iiblB& BPiBl-SBIBIHEBS
Furnaces and Steam Heaters,
Tin. Sheet Iron, Copper, Wooden, Glass
and Crockery Ware.
Refrigerators and House Furnishing Goods.
Generally. A Full line of
CHILDREN’S CARRIAGES.
Plumbing, Gas and Steam Fitting, and Hot Air
Engineering. Agent for the Richardson
a Boynton Co’s.
Furnaces and Ranges,
Also agent for the Economy
Sum: 85 WARM An: COMBINATION Ha use?
All kinds of Ornamental and Plain slateing, rm
and Shingle Roofing.
Repairing Done by Experienced Workmen
at Short Notice.
53 WflLL STREET,
NORWALK. CONN.
Beer, Fish, nut
and Vegetables.
You can get any and all of the above mentione
articles at
F. W. SMITH’S MARKET.
55 MAIN STREET. ‘
NEW, FRESH, CLEA‘s.
J. i. NE WKIRK, '
@ DENTIST
Dentistry performed in all branches. Gold and
Porcelain. Crowns inserted. Gila administered
103 $130 p313?! extracil‘ug' of teeth.
s ence ewi treot sear con-
grogationalollurch,N0rwalk. S ’ 1”!
Norwalk Chronicler