NORWAL
ESTABLISHED 1800.
Volume LXXXVII.
#7
A11 Enterprising Republican Journal, especially devoted to Local News and Interests.
NORWALK, CONN., WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 21, 1887.
0
GAZETTE. ’
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Number 38.
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THE CONSTITUTION.
How, When and by. Whom It
Was Adopted.
GEN TENN IAL CELEBRATION
Heldin Philadelphia Sept.
15, 16 and 17. ‘
_ History of the blovomcrrt Leading-to the
Adoption of the Docrnrrorrt—Portrnits
of Some of the Mon \th Had a Hand
in Its Preparation and \Vho Took Part:
in tho Adopting Convention.
Copyrighted by the American Press Association.
One hundred years ago there “as no
United States of Amcrieh. There was no
nation on this continent—only English,
French, Spanish and Portuguese colonies
from Hudson‘s bay to the Rio do La Plata.
There was in this country no president, no
cabinet, no senate and no national treasury;
there was no public credit, no power to create
a national revenue, no authority to secure
union at ironic and respect abroad. Evert tho
pirntical Barbary states sneered at the talk of
American power. The contribution box was
passed Sunday after Sunday irr New England
churches for menus to ransom American
sailors in Algerian captivity. The lust—tho
doiinitivo~treuty of pence had been signed at;
Versailles on Sept. 3, 1733, and the army had
been disbanded with a more fraction of its
pay. limb of the treaties recognized the ex-
istenco of u. now nation—tho independence
and sovereignty of thirteen colonies, each by
name, were separately acknowledged. The
public securities were steadily declining, the
worn soldier of liberty sought his desolated
bottle with only wounds and glory for his
pay. Not because the country was poor—it
was admittedly rich in resources that could ,
soon be converted into cash—but there was
no central power; there were thirteen sepa—
rately independent sovor'cigntics beurrd to-
gether only by a vague something which
could not be called a charter of union, was
illy defined as a confederation, and scarcely
merited even the title of a league or compact.
Each state had its own tu‘irry, its own
currency and banking system, its own corn—
mereinl marine, its own system of ad-
ministration, and, above all, its own system
of custmns duties, one state tarifling against
nrrothor. In short.oacir state held in itself
th-.~ complete power of the sword and the
purse, and only obeyed the nrandato of the
('urrfedcratiotr congress so far and at such
time as the state chose. The adverse vote of
one state could defeat on irrrpor'tunt law.
The plan was in imitation of that of the
united provinces of the Netherlands in tire
preceding century—a very poor model in—
dI-ed.und very badly imitated. The system
almost ruined the united provinces, and was
utterly unsuited to a. confederation in which
the tires of a single state was greater than
that of the Netherlands.
There had been three governments—$0010-
r'rial, Revolutionary or Continental, and Corr-
f'etlcrated. The Colonial had ended in revo-
lution, the royal governors flying to British
shipsnnd the people seizing the power; till!
Continental beguntotake form in the first
congress at; Philadelphia, September, 1774,
but could not be called complete (if it all) till
a few Weeks after the Declaration of Inde—
pendence; and it expired rwaeeably in March,
1751, when the last state (Maryland) acceded
to the Articles of Confederation, and the corr—
gress then in session at once proceeded to
act under its new powers. The Colonial had
expired in revolution and the Continental had
grown slowly into the Confederated; and
now the Confederation was dying of dry rot.
It only had power to “request” of the states;
each successive requisition was met with
more indifference until, on Nov. 1, 1784,
Robert Morris announced that he could pay
no interest on any foreign loans and a very
srrrull fraction of the domestic claims, and
that he saw no way of securinga revenue
under-tire Confederation—their resigned his
pastas superintendent of the finances in a
tone that seemed like a wail of despair.
tr ' r v? . ‘ ,7”
. . our --
' —§-41____ ~= :5,
lNDEPENDRNCE HALL.
All these years, however, the spirit of
union was growing fast. There had been
from the firsta few who could “think con-
tirrentnlly,” as the phrase was. They saw in
patriotic fancy a time when all this country
should form “an empire of free republics in-
dissolubl y united.” Most active among those
were Washington, Hamilton, Madison,
Gouverncnr Morris and Gen. Philip Schuy-
ler. "i‘hcy had many ardent supporters; but
the mass of mankind are naturally decentrali-
mtionisi's. The citizen startds for his neigh-
bors as against the nextncighborhood, for his
county as against the state; its loves his own
state, and it is not till it becomes truly great
that his heart swells with pride at thought of
his nation. The states‘ rights principle in our
system is (rue that needs little cultivation—
only intelligent; direction. So the “Strong
Govcrrnrrent Whigs.” as they began to be
called, worked cautiously. Every schoolbdy ,
knows the repeated difficulties \Vashingtorr
had with their sovereiguties, the states; how
often be appealed for a stronger central
power, how often he had to literally beg the
state authorities to stand by him. And if
the local feeling has more than once proved
too strong within the memory of living men,
what must it have been when as yet no glori-
ous memories clustered about the general
govermnent, when there was but a vague
pr'ornisc of union, but an ideal nation?
Nevertheless, there were a few conditions
which rnade Americans one people. Though
planted in adverse interests at intervals
stretching over 126 years, with forms of gov-
crnrnentvm-yiug from the extreme of pro-
pl'lotnr'ysbip to the extreme Democracy of
Connecticutun-l lthode Island, rerxesenting
at least six grunt branches of Christianity,
and extrmzu-iy diverse social and industrial
condition-s. the colonies still had runny more
points of rnsr-rrblauco than of difference.
They all had the same language and substan—
tially the same literature; they all claimed
the liberties of Englishmen and judged cases _
upon the principles of the English common
law; they were all planted by men who
longed for a larger liberty, and were all
swayed by the same necessities as against
wild nature and the Indians, and most of all,
perhaps, the native born Americans were
similarly transformed from the European
type by breathing the air and seizing upon
the opportunities of a new continent. The
result was apparent in this: the animosities
of the Seventeenth century between Puritan
and Quaker, and Yankee and Dutchman,
Protestant and Catholic had yielded so
rapidly that in the middle of the Eighteenth
century but a trace remained; Catholic
Charles Carroll, Liberal Stephen Hopkins
and Free Thinking Puritan Franklin
joined in the public devotions without
hesitation, and the new corner from Europe
rerrrarked with amazement that there was
already the one American type, with local
‘ variations less than marked the counties of
England. from Boston to Savannah. While
the Lincolushirerrran still laughed at the
“bubble” of the Cornishman, and both of
them regarded the Yorkshiremnn as an “out-
larrguidged vurriner,” it was but barely pos-
sible (and seldom that) in the continental con-
gress to distinguish the accents of the Geor-
gian and the Bostonian. The written lan-
guage was absolutely one; the most acute
critic cannot decide by the internal evidence
in which colony any document of that time
was produced. The some books were read,
and often exchanged the length of a conti-
nent, and at the foot of the Blue Ridge as at
the head of the Hudson were runny men like
Madison and Jefferson, of powerful intellects
and of vast and varied reading. The Amer-
icans were one far more truly than the Eu;-
lish of that day and more than the English
and Scotch now are.
FOR A GENERAL GOV-
ERNMENT.
It is not possible to assign an exact date to
the movement for a general government—it
waster the air. In 1613 the three New ‘Eng-
land colonies joined in ashort lived confed-
craey against the Indians and the Dutch. In
1684 a common movement against the six
nations of Indians united all the colonies but
South Carolina. The attempt of J antes II to
restrict colonial liberties led to temporary
unions. but the British revolution of 1688
brought in William and Mary, who restored
the colonial charters. John Locke then drew
MOVEMENT
~wr-ote to George Mason, of Virginia: “I
. an embargo for sixty days and name receivers
up a plan for a cup-
tain general and
one assembly for
all the colonies, but
parliament refused
to consider it. In
1697 William Penn
(irrEngland) pro— ‘ ,'
posed a congress of d
two members from
each colony, but,
the ministry of that
day refused it. In ' ,-
1751 Benjamin . ..\ we-..»
Franklin drew ups. nrex. FRANKLIN.
very good plan of confederation, but could
not got it considered. In 176511ine colonies
were represented in a conference at New
York. Finally, on theSth of September, 1774.
the;flrst Continental congress nret at Phila-
delphia, and thereafter the tendency toward
union was irresistible till the declaration of
independence, July 4, 1776.
It is not easy to define the powers of the
Continental congress. they were so augmented
by necessity and ac supplemented. by the
colonial legislatures and local committees of
safety, which exercised almost despotic
powers, Tlrernovement fora better organ-
ized government was already in progress.
Torn Painoissued his brilliant pamphlet in
favor of a national government, and Alex-
ander Hamilton warmly succeeded Paine’s
'urguureut in litany letters and addresses.
’aiuownsa rcvolntiouist, Hamilton an or-
ganizer; Washington followed as the mod-
erator. He first ventured to use the word
“empire,” meaning, as subsequent letters
show, an “ornpirc of republics.” After tok—
irrg command of the army he often urged the
' members to consider “that power and weight
which ought of right to belong only to the
whole." Four years he continued to urge a
stronger central power, and in March, 1779,
laurent the fatal policy of the states employing
their nblest men at home.‘ How useless to put
in fir no order the smallest parts of a clock unless
the great spring" which is to set the whole in
motion is well attended to. Let this voice
call forth you, Jefferson and others to save
their country. ” Yet it took the congress two
years to complete the articles of confedera-
tion and nearly two more to get them sanc-
tioned by all the states, only to find them irr-
ofilcient within six months after their
adoptions.
On the lst of March, 1781, the delegates
from M aryland subscribed the articles; on the
second It was taken for granted that the new
goverrmrcnt was in force, and within the
rnonth several members complained of the
want of suliicieut powers. On the 16th,
James Madison introduced anew clause, that
the states should give congress the power to
comps-l u l'cvuicitrnut state to perform its
obligations. (in the 2:1 of May it was re-
fer-rod to a. courttrittcc of one from each state;
on tlrL-tlfltit ot' .lulythcy reported a substi-V
true, that; cougrusn might in time of war lay
of public money, after it had been collected
by state of‘riccrs. On the same day Edmund
Randolph presented the resolutions of the
Virginia legislature, that congress “ought
tohave more power.” In July and August
Hamilton issued a series of papers culled “Tire
Corrtirrcntalist," in which be vigorously urged
a rrrorc complete union, or. central executive
and a national revenue. But all in vain.
Soon after Cornwallis surrendered, the
British hastily concentrated in two or three
ports, ready for embarking; every one went
wild in expectation of an imriredintc close of
the war. and tho “mm-o perfect union” was
ignored. Philip Schuyler, Alexander IInruil .
ton and others had just before this persuaded
the grentstnto of New Yorl; to agree that
duties should “he collected in such manner
and by such oflicersus congress should di-
rect.” and Virginia. had consented to a similar
measure; but the other states were so
slow that the oppositions had time to
rally, and both concessions were ro-
voked or ignored. New York, however,
for the first, proposed a convention to form
a new constitution. Hamilton drafted the
resolutions. his father-in-law, Schuyler, urged
them vigorously, and they passed both houses
of the legislature by unanimous vote. There-
after they were the platform, the store house
of texts and arguments for the “Strong Gov-
ernment “’higs.” Finally all the states but
Rhode Island consented to a national revenue
from customs duties; the negative of the one
state ruined the scheme, and thus the weary
seesaw went on four years longer, tilitho con-
federation wns without cash at home or credit
abroad, and mrs fast sinking into contempt.
In Virginia the issue was debated almost in-
cessnntly for six years, Washington and
Madison leading the nationalists, Richard
Henry Lee contending for separation-and
state sovereignty. Patrick Henry advocating
onlya strengthening of the existing confed-
eration. ,
Pressure from without had kept Ameriéune
united during the war: a renewal of that
pressure was needed to forces more perfect
union. and it came exactly at the right time.
When the British parliament met after the
peace of Versailles the liberal element pro-
posed a renewal of close intercourse with
America need “free trade on liberal princi-
ples.” When asked what guarantees they
could secure, theywere forced to reply that
they knew of no power to bind the separate
colonies; a reaction set in arid ceased not till
Great Britain had adopted the most stringent
navigation laws and every practicalmethod
of crippling the trade of Americans. then
this was known in the- states, the number of
those who could “think continentally” in-
creased suddenly and rapidly. Virginia es-
pecially advanced toward extreme national
views. Jefferson said that his first choice
would be no navigation laws, no distinction
‘ between ports and
the freest possible
commerce; but us
. Great Britain had
‘ chosen otherwise,
‘ we must have a
government that
could-meet her in
the same spirit.
Rhode ‘I'slaud, as
_ usual, resolved that
' . eachstate shoulddo
. its own retaliating;
but almost every-
where else 'there
4 .
ALEXANDER HAMILTON. was a movement
toward union. The states began. measures to
surrender their western lands to the general
government, and the movement progressed
so rapidly that it was completed before the
constitution.
Congress had already established a mint
and Federal coin. The Batik of North Amer-
ica had been set up. Settlements in the west-
ern territory were in rapid progress, and the
settlers were impatient for exact statements
of their relations to government. Already
Spain was harassing the border with un-
friendly legislation. - Treaties with the In-
dians were imperative and wars probable.
Kentucky and her neighbors we‘re demand-
ing, in daily louder tones, free navigation of
the Mississippi, or —? On all sides foreign
and domestic questions pressed the demand
for a stronger central government; yet a few
states held back and the others delayed out
of deference to them. Meanwhile Pitt was
enforcing the British navigation acts against
the United States with the utmost‘ severity,
and the “Strong Government Whigs” were
making converts. The powers of established
churches in the several states were greatly
curtailed; religious freedom became general,
and by local acts the rights of a citizen in any
state were freely accorded to immigrants from
other states. And the clause on this subject
in the constitution is the only one more ob-
scure, at nnyyatc more awkwardly worded,
than the laws it superseded. Commerce be~
tween the states was being better system-
atized. In short, the country was traveling
slowly toward a sort of unity. But the war
between debtor and creditor was raging with
great severity; the “soft money men” of
many localities dreaded a general government
which would abolish legal tender paper; there
were riots in divers places, and Capt. Daniel
Shay’s rebellion in Massachusetts. Corn-
merce, finances and foreign affairs demanded
a stronger government.
On March 23, 1785, commissioners from the
two states of Virginia and Maryland met
at Mount Vernon to form a plan for the joint
navigation of the Potomac—George Mason
and Alexander Henderson for Virginia, Dan-
icl-of-St.—'l‘homas Jenifer, Thomas Stone and
Samuel Chase for Maryland, all assisted by
Washington. Their special work was quickly
done, so they discussed general politics, and
ended by drawing up a plan of union for the
two states‘ involving uniform money and
taxes. Maryland promptly acceded and asked
that Delaware and Pennsylvania. might be
added. ' Virginia. argued these matters till
Jan. 21, 1786, than by large majorities in both
branches invited all the other states to meet
her in convention at Annapolis, Md.. on the
first Monday of the next September. The
sixth congress was in session. and South Car-
olina, by Charles Pinckney, led the move-
ment for a new government. He proposed a
number of amendments to the articles giving
the central government more power, but was
defeated by the extremists. Those who wanted
no change and those who wanted an entirely
new system were alike opposed to reform.
Tire Annapolis convention met, but three
states sent no‘ delegates and others or-
rived 'so late that the short sitting
was over before they could act The
few present united in an able appeal to con-
grcss to order a national convention. Even
this action excited violent criticism. The
Nationalists were in despair, when Madison,
of Virginia, raised thorn again to hope. ()n
his motion the general assembly unanimorrsl y
resolved on a Federal convention, to meet at
Philadelphia, May 2, 1787. and draft an err-
tirc constitution to be presented to the states.
As soon'as the news reached New Jersey that
state, on the 23d of November, acceded and
chose its delegates. Pennsylvania followed
in December, North Carolina in January and
Delaware in February. Congress next ap-
proved tho measure, and then the states fol-
lowed ouo by one—all but Rhode Island,
which refused to act as usual. But Mary-
land, distracted by alight over paper money,
did not elect. till near the end of May, and
N e \v Hampshire was a few days later.
On the 14th of May, 1787, the day finally
set, only Pennsylvania and Virginia were
represented; but their delegates repaired to
the state house, organized and Were soon
joined by others. On the 17th came South
Carolina, on the 18th New York, on the inst.
Delaware, on the 22d North Carolina. 0n
the 25311 William Churchill Houston, of New
J ersey. previously detained by illness, nrri ved,
and so the seven states needed for a quorum
were represented—from the south, four states,
with nineteen members; from the north,
three states, with ten members. On motion
of Benjamin Franklin Washington was
unanimously chosen president of the convene
tion. On the 28th the delegates from Massa-
chusetts and Mar uond arrived. It was a
convention of learned men. There were nine
graduates of Princeton, four of Yale and six
of other colleges; at least seven were of some
eminence in literature; one, a native of Scot-
land, had taught in her first universities; a
very large proportion were well read lawyers,
and nearly all had had long and valuable
training in the state legislatures or congress.
And to these men was submitted this prob-
lem: How shall we combine these sovereigns
into one sovereignty? How shall we take
just enough power from the thirteen to form
or government sufficient for all general con-
cerns, especially commerce and foreign
affairs, and yet leave all other powers unirm
haired in each state? '
'“r
THE CONVENTION.
Their work may be detailed historically or
analyzed by themes. For many reasons the
second plan is the better, chiefly because it
avoids detail and makes the conclusion clearer.
Four general schemes were suggested:
First—Tho extreme Federalist or Nationah
ist plan: That the states should be practically
abolished; reduced to more departments, and
on their ruins one strong government estab-
lished—“on the British model,” added Humil-
tou. The convention took orre good look at
this plan and rejected it~—rrnanimousl y. it
does not appear that they did more than
merely listen to its presentation.
Second—The extreme statss' rights plan:
That the Confederation should be strength-
ened a little, so far as to have an independent
revenue and exercise some control over com-
merce, each state to retain its absolute sove-
reignty as before. The convention con-
sidered this at some length and rejected it,
not quite unanimously.
Third—The moderate Nationalist plan.
Fourth—Tho moderate stafes’ rights plan.
Out; of the last two, by compromise, the
convention evolved the present constitution,
with the understanding that it; was to be con-
strued according to the plain meaning of the
words on these three basis principles:
First—That .ths power of the flag, the
sword and the national purse (and these con-
stitute sovereignty) should be vested exclu-
sively in the national government.
Second—That as to these, the public prop-
erty, especially the land, certain general
functions, and all foreign affairs, the people
of the United States should constitute one
nation.
Third—That just enough—and no more—
powers should betaken from the states to
constitute a government for these general
purposes, and all other powers remain in the
states as before.
James Madison came with the outline of a
constitution already formed and employed
the days of waiting in urging its main points
upon the delegates who first arrived. Ed-
mund Randolph had elaborated certain prin-
ciples in addition to those of Madrso' n. Wash-
ington had drawn up the heads of these con-
stitutions. Paterson, of New Jersey, had a
plan which was merely to strengthen the
confederation. And it was known that Con-
necticut; was coming with still another.
“The New Jur‘smr wet-nth,” acid those who
spoke first, “is federal, the,v5rginin. system.
national; in the first the powers flow from
the state governmcnur, but in the latter they ,
derive authority from the people of the
states. " And even before the convention
met, the extreme states rights party had
sounded an alarm about; the Virginia plan.
William Jones, of North Carolina, refused to
serve. as he - understood the convention was
designed to subordinate the states, and was
replaced by Hugh Williamson, an “original
free seller,” who wanted slavery excluded
from all new states. Patrick Henry, Thomas
Nelson and Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia,
refused to accept their appointments. as they
would not act under the Virginia resolutions,
and were replaced by men of much less note
but ardent nationalists. Edmund Randolph
wavered. His first intent was to vote for a
mere strengthening of the confederation, but
his personal record pointed to nationalism as
his final position. Though but 33 years old,
he had home a very active part in the revo-
lution and was now governor of Virginia.
To him, therefore, was intrusted the duty of
presenting the “Virginia. plan” to the conven-
tion, which he did May 29 in a preamble and
fifteen resolutions. ,
They declared for a national legislature of
two branches, with specific powers over
national concerns; a national executive to be
chosen by the legislature and eligible for but
one term; a council of revision to examine
and approve the acts of the legislature before
they should go into force; a national judici-
ary. substantially such as we now have; a
national revenue to be collected from the
states by quotas, and the rightof suffrage in
each state should be the basis of enumeration
for apportioning the quota; new states to be
admitted tin terms of equality, and each state
to be required to have, and to be guaranteed,
a republican form of government. This plan
contained two notable clauses. One provided
for representation in both branches accord-
ing to population; the other suggested that
only “free inhabitants” should be counted for
representation. We do not find in the
scanty accounts that the latter proposition
attracted much attention, but the former at
once provoked fierce opposition from the
smaller states Charles Piuckney, of South
Carolina, only 29 years old, presented a series
of resolutions very similar to those from Vir-
ginia. and both were referred to a committee
of one from each state.
On the morning of the 30th Nathaniel Gor-
ham, of Massachusetts, offered a resolution
first “A national government ought to be es-
tablished, consisting of a supreme legislative,
executive and judiciary." Pierce Butler, 0:
South Carolina, now passed over from the
Confederationists to the Nationalists, saying
that the division of powers between three de-
partments, the democratic branch coming di-
rect from the people and holding the power
of the purse, had removed his objections. So
the .Gorham resolution pmed, Connecticut
only voting in the negative; New York di-
vided. Next day the first clause of the Vir-
ginin. plan, that there should be a national
legislature of ‘ two branches, pmd without
bebate. Pennsylvania alone voting in the neg.
ative. .Three weekslater she withdrew her neg-
ative, and the vote was made unanimous. All
the powers of the _ legislature were agreed
upon the same day. On the lat of June the
executive was taken up and debated long
and earnestly. The veto power was conferred
by the votes of eight states against Connecti-
cut and Maryland. The judiciary was de-
bated for a week and settled nearly as we
now have it. Then came the.~hard_ fight as
to equality .of representation; ,nndJihe first
settlement was that each state should have at
least one senator and others in some propor-
tion to its population. The remaining Vir-
ginin resolutions were gone through with
rapidly, and in thirteen sessions the work on
them was complete. But the -aller states
had been deprived of equal representation,
and their discontent soon took active form.
New Jersey organized and led the oppo-
sition of the smaller states. Connecticut, by
Roger Sherman, had already presented and
vehemently urged what might be called the
moderate states’ rights plan, but it was merged
in the “New Jersey plan,” which Paterson
presented on the 15th of June. It provided
for a legislature with a single house, and was
generally less national than the “Virginia
plan." Theeonvention debated this five days,
and by the vote of seven states rejected it. In
the midst of this debate Hamilton introduced
his plan—for extreme centralization. It was
“praised by everybody but sup - by
nobody,”soys one member in his memoirs.
It was, in fact, a plan for an elective mon-
archy, with democratic features-very much
such a government as that of England now is,
—\ .,.,__ or would be if the
in o n a r c h were
elected “for life or
g o o d behavior.”
From the 19th of
June to the 2d of
I July the conven-
tion debated almost
constantly on one
subject—the rights
of the states, espe—
cially the right to
equal representa-
tion. Connecticut
./ ’ now took the lead,
PATRICK insurer. and by Roger Sher-
man proposer! a compromise—that there
should be equal representation in one
branch and proportional = in the other.
On the. Ed of July five states voted
for it and five againstit,Georgia divided and
New llarnpshiro was not present. So the
nmtter was referred to a. committee of one
from each state, and. as the conven-
tion wzrs‘ in a. very hot temper over it.
mt adjournment of 'three days after
the 3.1 was voted, in the hope that rest and
the celebration of the 4th would restore bar-—
merry. The final settlement was in favor of
equality in the senate. As soon as this was done
Paterson, Sherman and Ellsworth passed over
to the Nationalists, and thereafter voted for
every measure to strengthen the general gov-
ernment. Paterson was for the rest of his life
an ardent and extreme Federalist.
The basis of representation in the lower
house, or democratic branch, excited long
discussions on the slavery question: but the
agreement on a three-fifths enumeration of
the slaves was nearly unauinrous.‘ The next
ten days were devoted to drawing the line
between state and national powers. and per-
fecting the general outlines of the constitu-
tion. Meanwhile the states had completed
the cession of their western lands, and con-
, gins (the congress of the old confederation
being in session contemporaneously with the
convention) had adopted the ordinance of
1787, for the government of the territory
north of the Ohio and west of Pennsylvania,
so the convention’s next task was to provide
fornterritorial system. ,
From the 17th to the filth of July the con-
vention debated the general outlines of the
constitution, adopted someggstriotions on the
powers of the states. agreed unanimously
that the states were to retiir'r all powers not
specifically taken from thou), but that it was
unnecessary to so state ifr'tho constitution;
appointed a committee of three from the
north and two from the south to formulate
the work so far done, and then adjourned to
Aug. 6. Tire committee ,'of detail consisted
of Gorhnm, Ellsworth, Wilson. Ran-
dolph and John Rutledgerthe last an
eminent scholar of South Carolina. of
great experience in cerrgress and state
legislature, being chairman. On Aug.
6 they presented each member of the corr-
ventiou with a printed copy of their
draft of a constitution, and thence to Sept.
10 it was thoroughly discussed in detail.
From the middle-to the end of August slav-
ery was debated with great earnestness and
the compromise agreed “upon, the word
“slave" being carefully excluded from the
constitution. The method of choosing the
president was long and warmly debated; the
result was the most awkward clause in the
instrument. The judicihi system of the
United States was settled, with little heat,
after which it was decided that the constitu-
tion should be submitted to conventions.
chosen for that purpose only, in the states,
and should go into operatiq‘n in the adopting
states as soon as they numbered nine. A
committee of five was named to make the
complete draft—Madison, iHamilton. King,
Johnson and Gouvorneur ‘Morris—tand the
last named wrote the filial . py. And now a
new difficulty cross; a few tmembers refused
to sigrl the completed instrument, and
declared they would oppose its adop-
tion in their states.
ilton, Madison and Franklin labored
with them most earnestly. Finally all
signed it but Gerry, Mason and Randolph.
So the unanimous consent of the eleven states
present was seemed on Monday, the 17th of
September; the convention adjourned, the
members dined together and then retired,
says Washington, “to meditate on the mo-
mentous work which had been executed.”
ADOPTED. EN THE STATES.
‘ But the contest was not over. Indeed, the
bitterest fight was to come; for only friends
tution consented to
serve in the corr-
vention, while erre-
mles remained at
home to fight in
.5 their states. in
'2’.’ Massac h u sctfs,
New York and Vir-
ginia the uproar
was terrific. The
opponents savagely
, ' contender! that the
n c w constitution
rump scnuana.
contained no bill of xi hg,:jt’:mude 1‘91”“);
A'viakri‘rs wr-sz-cr‘rrewnemrtrzens against illegal
powers; there was nothing about the right of
conscience, the freedom of the press, the trial
by jur . excessive bails, fines, forfeiturcs or
oppressive military establishments. Its
friends replied that the whole instrument was
a bill of rights. since the general government
could exercise no powers except such as were
granted, and the states could devise as ninny
safeguards as they chose. Nevertheless,
they generally consented that these things
should be provided for it: amendments, though
insisting (and truly, too) that they were
needless. The first fight came on in the corr-
gress still in session. which was, indeed, asked
to approve its own annihilation. Richard
Henry Lee opposed the new government be-
cause it was too strong; Grayson, also
of Virginia, because it was too weak.
All the New York delegates, Melaucthon
Smith at their head, oppowd it on the ground
that New York could not; afford to surrender
her customs duties. Finally congress de-
cided to submit the constitution to the states
without special recommendation. But Rich—
ard Henry 'Lee was implacable. Ho and
Grayson had been outvoted by their three
colleagues, and so Virginia was recorded in
congress as for the constitution. He now
stirred up opposition in every state, scatter-
ing many thousand copies of his “Letters
from the Federal Farther.” Madison and
Hamilton replied in Tire Federalist, while
Washington exerted himself in .Virginia
against Harrison, «Nelson and Patrick Henry.
The Virginia assembly met on the third
Monday in October, and Wrangled till March
before orderings. convention; and then the
date of its meeting was postponed to the first
Monday in June (1788). The debates of this
convention furnishedu most valuable guide
to the intent of the framers and the meaning
of the constitution; but this is no place for de-
tails. Suffice it that utter long and heated
discussion, and only upon the pledge of its
supporters that the constitution should be
amended, the Virginia convention ratified it
on the 25th of J une. 1788, by the narrow mar-
gin of eighty-nine yous to seventy-nine trays.
In Delaware the legislature hastened to say
that it “could not find language to express
the joy of the people," and called a conven-
tion at ones. That body, as soon as organ-
ized, unanimously ratified the constitution on
Dec. 6, 1787. The Pennsylvania convention
met Nov. 20, mid after three weeks’ debate,
ratified the constitution on Dec. 12 by a vote
of 46 to ‘23. Twenty-one of the minority
signed a protest “that the powers vested in
congress would lend to an iron handed des.
potism, with unlimited control of the purse
and sword." New Jersey’s convention met
Dec. 11, 1787, read the constitution by sections
for a week, and on the 18th ratified it unani-
mously. So the union of the central states
was complete. Georgia also ratified unani-
mously and without debate, Jan. 2, 1788,
firing thirteen guns as the signing progressed.
Connecticut, with very little opposition, rati-
fied J an. 0, 1788, by a vote of 128 to 40. Then
came the great battle royal in Massachusetts.
The delegates in that state were elected in
the heat and fury following the Shay’s insur-
rection, and eighteen “rebels” had seats in
the convention. The friends of the constitu~
tion confessed themselves in n. minority at
the start, but they gained by concession and
the Maine delegates saved the day (Maine
was then a district of Massachusetts). For
three weeks the opposition offered every ob-
jection that the mind of man can conceive
religious, commercial uudrfiscnl, the lack of a
bill of rights, the want of a religious test, the
matters. They then tried all possible schemes
a reference of the matter 'back to congress
etc. Finally, when the friends of the corr-
srit‘ution had promised all sorts of amend-
‘ merits. the ratification was squeezed tin-ouglr,
Feb. 6. 1788, by the painfully small majority
of 187 to 168. Boston was wild with en-
thusiasm for the new government, and
celebrated with exceeding great joy.
New Hampshire had substantially the
same fight, with variations; so the friends
of the constitution proposed an adjournment
states would help them. Finally, on J true 21,
1788, after agreeing to twelve amendments,
the ratification was carried by 57 against 40.
This was the ninth state, and so the existence
of the new Union was secured.
Maryland, after a short but very spirited
debate, had ratified, April 26, by 63 votes to
11. South Carolina’s convention met at
Charleston on the 13th of May, debuted ten
/ ' - days, but with
1’, great calmness and
' courtesy, and on
.. the 23d ratified, by
H'- a vote of 149 to 73.
The New York
convention met on
June 17, “and de-
bated with much
- earnestnesstillJulv
20," then ratified
by the close vote
>' x , of 30 against 27,
ELBRIDGE unnnv. with the under-
standing that numerous amendments were
to be adopted or another Federal
convention called at once! North Car-
olina’s convention met July 21, and
on the lst of" August declined immediate
ratification by title vote—184 to 184. The
next day, however, the convention provided
that congressional. laws as to compensate,
Washington, Hurn- ~
of the new consti-.
w a s despotic. , .It ,
of delay; another convention was proposed, ,
till J uuc, hoping that- the influence of other -
should‘bé‘in force in the state just as it one
had ratified. After the new government was
fairly established North Carolina acceded,
Nov. 21, 1739. Rhode Island, as usual, was
in opposition to the last; unrepresented in the
convention and in the first congress, she rati-
fied May 29, 1790, the last of the thirteen.
J. H. Breanne.
How the niaracalbans Live.
Going ashore early before sunrise, our first
visit was nmde to the market place to see
what Maracaibans live upon. A better and
a cheaper market would be hard to find. Ex-
cellent beef, goat, pork and fowls averaged
ten cents a pound, and all varieties of tropical
fruits abounded at corresponding prices. Tied
together in bunches were great green lizards
two or three feet long, with brown warts all
over them and vicious black beads of eyes.
They snapped at us like dogs as we passed,
and when tensed with a stick clung toil: like
bull terriers. These were iguanas, whose dc-
lieious white flesh is eagerly eaten by all
classes. It tastes like chicken, but is more
delicate. Of course considerable hunger
would be needed to make them appetizing to
a stranger who should recognize them in a
a stew. Further on an animal with head and
tail like a rat, feet like an alligator and a coat
of mail like an ironclad man of war was tied
to u. post. Upon receiving a poke it rolled
itself promptly into a ball, head and all being
quite covered by its plates, and thus defied,
furthernttack. This was an armadillo, also‘
a tidbit when properly stewed or roasted.
Monkeys were scarce in the market; and
thubld‘scliool book fable of travelers makin g
use of them to get cocoanuts from lofty trees,
by shying stones up at them and dodging
nuts that came down in return, came to mind
as I watched the antics of a few of these poor
brutes waiting their turn to be sold. The
fact is, monkeys are very shy of their human
cousins, and retreat from civilization with
all speed. Cocoannt trees do not grow wild,
but require careful cultivation and constant
cure, being planted for profit or for orna~
merit near houses; so that amoukey is almost
as likely to be found upon an apple tree arson
a cocoa palm. And owners of plantations
would probably welcome any stranger,
whether two or four handed, who attempted
to steal their fruit; very much in the same
nrarmor as they would with us. I fear that
the story of monkey usefulness is exaggera-
ted, not to say mythical—Dr. W. F‘. Hutch-
inson in American Magazine.
A Couple of Stirring Scones.
In the earlier days of Colorado mining
camps there were some very stirring scenes
and adventures, and the tender feet were
broken in without much ceremony sometimes.
I remember visiting a. certain camp when it
was quite new, and savings. man’s life the
very first night. He was in the bed next to
mine in the tent, and about midnight on order
came for hiru to get up, as he was wanted.
He was asked to lose no time, as he was to be
summarily tried for having shot a man. I
jumped up and declared that the man was
innocent, but I was shown the muzzle of a
forty-two caliber and told to lie down. How-
ever, as there was no help for it, I said i
would accompany the accused, who was
nearly frightened out of his wits. We went
down to one who was styled “the justice,”
and the complaint was lodged that the
prisoner had shot a man. As he could say
nothing in his own behalf, I spoke for him,
and stated that at the time the shooting was
said to have occurred the accused was soundly
sleeping. Just then a stranger appeared and
announced that he did the shooting, and
proved that it was in self defense, and the
matter was all settled.
Next day we \vere treated to a little “furl.”
A tin can was tied to an unwelcome visitor’s
coat tail and he was told to “git." He lost
no time in striking a two-forty gait, and as
he flew down the road the can dangling be-
hind him was a mark for all the rest of the
boys to “take a crack at.” More than one of
them hit the can, too, and I am not sure but
that I made it quiver myself. We thought it
was very frmuy, and. so did the poor victim—
per-paps.——Georgo Trumbull in Globe-Demo-
era .
The Matches \Vhlch Smokers Use.
These small wax matches which cigar
smokers use, arid which are put up in fancy
boxes, cc-mo froru Mexico. There is one fac-
._tory1n this country, but. the agent informed
me that he had the greatest difficulty in
getting dealers to take thorn. We import
them from Mexico and yet are able to sell
them at three boxes for a nickel. after paying
heavy duty. There are fifty in a box. You
will notice what care must be taken in pre-
paring tzhem. They are molded something
after the styleI have seen my mother use in
making candles. There is a wick and tallow
and a colored mixture of phosphorus to
ignite. The boxes are neatly constructed,
consisting of two cases held together bya
piece of rubber. They contain colored pict—
ures on all sides. In Mexico they sell for a .
half cent a box, so you see to make a profit
the manufacturers must have very cheap
labor. They have no great machineryas in
this country, yet their trade seems to thrive.
These matches are the ones commonly in use
in Mexico. After paying duty on our matches
we cannot compete with them. They are
not in general use here, but are favorites with
smokers.—G. W. Krebs in Globe-Democrat.
The Old Testament in Ethiopia.
It is not generally known that in Ethiopia a
people numbering about 200,000 have tlro Old
Testament in Etiriopic version and still ad-
here rigr'dly to the Mosaic ceremonies and
laws. They are the children of Hebrew im-
migrants whc, in the time of the great disper-
iion, settled in Abyssinia and married wives
of that nation -—-Detroit Free Press
flcail Waiter to His Stair.
“N ow, if a person crders a pot of coffee,
don’t bring up cold milk unless it is called
for. Bring up hot milk with coffee and cold
milk with tea. Always serve pulverized sugar
with tomatoes. lettuce, and cracked ice with
cucumbers and tomatoes. Watermelon,
cantaloupe, muskmelon and berries, of course,
need milk or cream and pulverized sugar.
A dessert knife and fork and powdered sugar
should go with all pastries, while a small
piece of American cheese is in order with all
kinds of pie. Many men never think of such
a thing.' as putting mustard on the table.
Some people like it. There are very few who
have yet learned that a. boiled potato is
proper with baked beans. Don’t cover the
bread plate with a napkin; it looks as if there
were dirt or dust around. This matter of
laughing and fooling don’t make a waiter. I
should stop it.
“All cold meats ought to be garnished with
parsley, lettuce or celery. Be careful about
leaving your side towels around. Another
man comes along with something to wipe,
and he don’t know wlrother it has been lying
there for twenty seconds or twenty years. It
is a good plan not to wipe your face with an
apron or towel, nor to be too faruiliar v. hit
the proprietor. I never allow myself even to
drink a glass of lemonade with him.
“If you see that a guest of the house wishes
‘to be waited on bya particular man with
whom he is acquainted always give way po-
litely and without confusion. A waiter
should always keep his eye cast toward the
door instead of out of the window. Be care-
ful, in serving any kind of ‘fizz’ wines, to
pour them out carefully. In serving old
wines never wipe off the dust from the bot-
tle. Never wipe off the label, and be sure to
show the label to the gentlemen in order that
there may be no mistake.”—Cleveland Plain.
dealer.
Little Quaker Pills are very small and
easy to take.
You can’t always judge by appearances.
The man who always w‘ars a diamond
pin may be really wealthy—Lowell Cit—
izen.
Lydia E. Pinklram’s Vegetable Corn-
pound will cure all displacements and
consequent spinal weakness and is espec-
ially adapted to a change of life.
It is singular that the most famous play-
wrights are always looking for a “srtua-
iion."—Chrrrlcston Enterprise.
Always purchase the best, it, will be the
cheapest in the end. Cotton-seed oil, bar-
vtes and other minerals used to cheaper)
lard are very injurious. Lard made by
Sperry and Barnes is strictly pure. War-
ranted free from any adulteration.
The man who is always claiming that
heaven is his home is always the last one
that wants to go home—Rochester Post-
Express.
No Cure—No Pay—A new departure
in medical science! Fontaine’s Cure for
Throat and Lung diseases has cured after-
all other remedies failed. For sale by
l. A. Meeker, 11 Main Street, Norwalk.
A Canadian farmer has a calf which cats
turkey wlrcneuer it gets a chance. The
carnivorous bovine should be named “The
Czar.——Pittsburg Chronicle-Telegraph.
All the materials used in a Mathush'ek
piano are the best material that money
can bury and the workmanship is all by
men of the highest skill and long experi-
ence. At Loomis’ Temple of Music.
There will be eighteen brass bands at
the coming Atlanta celebration. And yet
there are those who would try and con-
vince us that the south has been regener-
ated—Boston Post.
Henry George used to be an inspector
of gas meteors: but, of course, that was
before he thought. of abolishing poverty.
The two occupants don‘t consist.—St. Paul
Press.
Absolutely Pure.
This Powder never varies. A marvel of pure
strength and wholesomeness. More economic
than the ordinary kinds, and cannot be sold in com-
petition with the multitude of low. test, short
weight. alium or phosphate powders.
ROYAL Barium POWDER 00.,106 Wall St., N. Y.
'IN SE [’TEIIIBER
Care and a careful diet
should be observed.
Fouln's Wheat Germ Meal
,7 for breakfast, prepares the
way for lrearticr foods
later in the day. It’s easi-
ly digested; it does not
heat the blood; it’s highly
nutritious and strengthen-
ing; can be cooked in less
than ten minutes and is
very different and superi-
or to oatmeal. 15 cents a
package. Soldby all gro-
cers.
Butler, Breed & 00., Agts.,
Boston, Mass.
The Best in the World.
Sperry & Barnes’
Harris,
Shoulders,
Br'uerltf‘nst
Bacon,
—-—AN [)—
Sausage
ARE GUARANTEED
THE ersr
IN
THE stunner
Our KETTLE Lam: is Stxitly Pure
and Free from all Adulteration.
Look Carefully for the Brand.
We manufacture all goods hearing our brand at
our packing house in New Haven. t 'S
donors to Barnes, New Haven, Conn.
R e m 6110. b e 1’ 3
The Best Meats in Nerwalk
-—--ARE SOLD AT-——
WIXSON'S MARKET, ON THE BRIDGE,
——AND FOR THE——
Lowest Prices for Cash.
PLATES 0F BEEF, 5 cents per It); CORNED
rrndersold for the Best QuaJtics of Meat. Poultry
Drawn to Order. lyr
James E. Wiiwson
27 Wall Street.'
Pfldl N088 EIIIIIIC‘BEIIIIIIIE.
FARM WAGON S.
Fertilizers,
Air Slashed Lime,
Land Plaster '
,-AND—w
Drain Pipe,
——-A'l‘-—
In no lo ’.
ndhhdh
MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN
lumen, TIMBER,
Shingles, Latin,
' Doors, Sash
Illinois, Jilmclrdllng,
Window Frames,
Pie/eels, {8"0.
leneered Hard Wood Work.
Hard Wood Ceilingland flooring.
South. Norwalk, Conn.
BEEF, from 5 to to cents per in. i will not be,
GENERAL MARKET.
Meat. Fish, Vegetables, are.
LOCKWOOD do ANDREWS.
MAIN STREET.
All kinds of the best qualities of Meats, Fish,
Clams, Vegetables, etc., are kept constantly on
hand. and will be sold by us as low as can be pro-
cured at any market in Norwalk. We intend to
prove to our customers that we deserve their
patronage by fair and generous dealing.
ly-iu LOCKWOOD a: ANDREWS.
l WMIT EVERYBODY
——-’l‘o come in and look over my stock of—
Mon.uments
--—AND—-
HEADSTONES
Before they buy anything of the kind. A selection
can he made from them much better than from a
photograph or pencil sketch. Respectfully,
rm , P. W. Bates.
" J .' G. Gregory it Go.
Desire to state that in addition to a full line of
Drugs, Proprietary Medicines and Drngglsts’
sundries they are prepared to receive
orders for
Silk. Gotten or Linen
ELASTIC HOSE
For varicose or enlarged veins. Warranted to.
fit. and at reduced rates.
They also desire to state that they have accepted
the agency of the New York Vaccine 00.. and will
keep a supply of
PURE BOVINE VACCINE VIRUS
Constantly on hand.
They have in stock Electric Batteries, which
will he sold at close figures. They carry also a full
assortment of Keystone Writmg Paper Packets.
DEBENTBEL BONDS
6 0: 0 Guaranteed Montages
0f the New England Loan and Trust Co.
This is one of the oldest. most conservative and
successful institutions dealing in such securities.
Eleven years' experience without a dollar of loss
to investors.
Each $100,000 of debentured is secured by $102,-
000 of rnortga s, assigned to and deposited with
the Farmers' can and Trust Co., New York. trus-
Aim lpterest payable at Bank of New Nor-k,
l. . u t -
Mortgages from best Corn-Producing regions of
Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska and Missouri.
For full information enquire of til)
0. E. WILSON.
6 0out I our soul. Paint Mortgages
» —or ms—
Equitable Hortgage (10., Kansas City.
' Capital, $2,000,000. $1,000,090 paid up.
. Principal and Interest Guaranteed.
Security from three to six times the amount of
loan. Coupon Bonds. Interest payable in New
York. Also, 1y34
Six per cent, Debenturo Bonds of the
erldlesex Banking Company, of
Mlddlctown, Conn,
Organized under the banking laws of the State
of Connecticut. Coupons payable in New York.
R. B. 'CRAUFURD,
Agent, 31 Main Street, Norwalk.
RANGES.
’l‘ilE DUCIIESS, OUR OWN, UNCLE
NICK. These with the Celebrated
Duplex Grates.
EXTRA COOK, for Coal and Wood;
SAMPLE COOK; QUEEN ANNE;
EAST LAKE; DENMARK; NEW
INDEX, Improved; GRAND
UNION, Improved.
HOUSE FURNISHING GOODS.
Agate, Tin and Wooden Ware,
Fine Tea and Dinner Sets,
TOILET SETS.
Mercer China,
White Granite and C C Ware,
DECORATED GOODS.
In Great Variety.
MONl’l‘OR 01L STOVES,
Baldwin’s Dry Air Refrigerators,
The very best in the market.
F. I. CURTIS do 00.,
Q3 MAIN STREET.
dundOMn
No.42 Wall SI. Norloli.
Leaders of the Shoe Trade;
Wish to cal. your attention to a few oi the many
styles of shoes carried in stock by them.
OUR LADIES’
Preoelr' Kid, Haul-Made Wauirenuirast,
A Marve of Comfort and Ease.
Uur $6 Hand-Made Freuolr Kid Welt
For ladies wear are perfect in every respect and
as good a shoe as any sold at $6.
For $5.50,
Our Ladies’ Hand-Made French Krd Turn Shoes
made b Benedict & 00.. of New Canaan. are the
some 0 style and beauty, and positively cannot be
excelled at any price. ,
' Oh! Oh! for $3,
Those Nobby Little French .Kid, Hand-Made
Oxfords with patent leather tips are admired by
all that have seen and worn them. You must cal
For $2.50,
A Perfect Misses’Waukenphast for school or a
walking shoe cannot be equalled.
W'In a word our line of shoes is complete in
every respect.
We have the beat me of
CHILDREN’S SCHOOL SHOES
Ever shown in town and at prices from the
cheapest to the best.
Glover 8a Olsen,
42 Wall Street,
NORWALZ.
For Sale.
DOUBLE BARRELLED RIFLE madeby John
Blissert, London. Will be sold cheap to
cash. Enquire at this ofllce.
LIFE’S JOURNEY.
As we speed out of youth’s sunny station
The track seems to shine in the light.
But it suddenly shoots over chasms
0r sinks into tunnels of night.
And the hearts that were brave in the morning
Are filled with ropining and fears
Asthey pause at the city of sorrow
0r pass tin-0' the Valley of Tears.
But the road of this perilous journey
The hand of the Master has made; . tr, .
was all its discomforts and dangers. ' I.
We need not based or afraid. .'
Paths leading from light into darknefl. r
Ways plunging from gloom to despair,
Wind out thro‘ the tunnels of midnight
To fields that are blooming and fair. ‘
Tho’ the rocks and the shadows surround us,
Tho‘ we catch not one gleam of the day
Above us. fair cities are laughing
And dipping white feet in some bay.
And always, eternal, forever.
Down over- the hills in the west.
The last final end of our journey.
There lies the Great Station of Rest.
‘Tis the Grand Central point of all railways,
All roads center here when they end:
‘Tis the final resort of all tourists, ,
All rival lines meet here'and blend. ';
All tickets, all mile books, all passes
If stolen or begged for or bought.
0n whatever road or dMsion,
Will bring you at last to the spot. 7.
If you pause at the City of Trouble .
Or wait in the Valley of Tears, ‘ --
Be mercantile train will move onward '
And rush down the track of the years. 1
Whatever the e is you seek for,
Whatever yo aim or your quest.
You shall come at the last with rejoicing
To the beautiful City of Best.
You shall store all your baggage of worries.
You shall feel perfect peace in this reahn,
You shall sail with old friends on fair waters.
With joy and delight at the helm.
You shall wander in cool, fragrant gardens
With those who have loved you the best,
And the hopes that were lost in life's journey
You shall find in the City of Rest. ‘
—Ella Wheeler Wilcox.
LIFE IN NEW ORLEANS.
Street Scenes as Viewed by a Northern
Sightseer—Glimpse of an Interior.
The singular dual life of the Crescent City
took vehement hold of the imagination of the
old clergyman. On one side of its great
artery, Canal street, is a powerful American
city, firmly established, fully abreast of the
trade and industry of the time, and clutching
eagerly for its share of the commerce of the
world. It is vitalized now with an energy
which, if not pure Yankee in character. is
very closely akin to it.
Here are miles of wharves heaped with
cotton and sugar; thoroughfares massively
built, through which the endless tides of
human life ebb and flow all day; magnificent
avenues stretching away out to the country.
lined with modern hotels, club houses and
huge dwellings, each flanked by one or two
picturesque towers, which, on inspection,
turn out to be only cisterns.
There is the necessary complement of black
shadow below these vivid high lights. Pov-
erty and vice live more out of doors in New
Orleans than in northern cities. There they
are, barefaced, leering, always on the familiar
pave. to be seen and known of all men- 3110':
of all signs of wealth and} gnyety, too, is the
mud, a material, clammy horror. The water,
a deadly enemy here, perpetually fought and
forced back, rushes in, whenever a day’s rain
gives it vantage, at every crevice, floods the
streets and clogs the drains. It com out of
the ground wherever ; you step on it, dri
down the walls of your drawing room, stains
your books a coffee color, clings to you,
chilly and damp, in your clothes and in your
bed, turns the air you breathe into a cold
stream, and washes your dead out of their
graves.
So the old man and the girl, being about
the same age (“as old as the Babes in the
Wood,” quoth Mrs. Ely), fell into the habit
of strolling in the early morning or gathering
* twilight through the network of oddly silent -
streets, so narrow that the overhanging eaves
nearly met over the cobblestone pavements.
Steep roofs, sealed with earthen tiles and
green with moss, hooded dormer windows
peeping out: of them like half shut eyes, rose
abruptly from the one storied houses. Here
and there a. cobbler sat on his bench in the
street plying his owl and singing to himself,
or a group of swarthy, half naked boys knelt
on the banquetto, flinging their arms about
in a gambling game for pennies, and shriek-
ing in some wild dialect, half negro and half
French.
Their walks usually ended on the Boulevard
Esplanade. Even that wide thoroughfare fell
into quiet in the afternoon as the long
shadows of the trees lay heavily across it.
Within {the close walls they could catch a
glimpse of the courts about which the houses
are built, the glitter of fountains shaded by
orange trees and broad leaved tropical plants.
Sometimesajnlousied window would be left
open. and they would catch the tickle of a
guitar or the sound of a woman’s voice sin -
trig—Rebeca: Harding Davis in Harper s
“subunit-re.
DANIEL BOONE’S BLOCKHOUSE.
How the Noted Pioneer of Kentucky Pro-
tected His Family—An Indian Plan.
Boone began building his blockhouse hero
on the lst day of April, 1775. The old pioneer
chose wisely his location, and, with an eye
only to its utility, chose also one of the love-
liest spots in the state. I don’t suppose he
had much time to go, like Dr. Syntax, in
search of the picturesque, but it; happened in
this instance that lie-found it without seek-
ing. You can plainly see to this day the
marks of the old blockhouse on the ground,
and a. little digging in the soft earth with a
cane will bring up ashes and bits of old pot-
tery from the spots where the old fireplaces
were. So there is no obscurity about the
matter. You may stand, if you wish, on the
veritable N ebo from which old Boone viewed
his promised land, and you may be sure your
foot is placed on the very soil trodden by the
brave men and braver women who founded
this famous commonwealth more than a bun-
dred years ago.
01! course the chief things considered by
those who built blockhousos were the conven-
iences of water, fuel and provisions, and also
an unobstructed view on all sides. Standing
here on the site of the fort, you can see at a
glance how all these advantages are combined
in this location. You stand perhaps a bun-
dred yards from the wave of the Kentucky
river, and perhaps forty feet above the
water’s edge, for the bank slepes up from the
swift flowing stream to the very walls of the
fort. To the east and south the land is level,
with not a gully or a bank in if; large enough
to conceal a man for half a mile in both
directions. _ In this fertile river bottom Boone '
had his cornfield and raised his bread at the
very door of his castle. On the west the
ground slopes slowly down to the unfailing
spring whence the garrison usually got their
supply of water. A well sunk inside the fort
tothe level of this spring, say twenty feet
in depth, would, and I believe did. fur-
nish a bountiful quantity of water when
besiegers rendered access to the spring
impossible. All around are high hills
like the rim of 'a deep plate, but .
none of them near enough to per-
mit the guns used in former days to send a
bullet into the fort. No foe can approach
except to come over the rising ground where
he can be easily seen from the upper windows
of the blockhouse. Just across the river rises
the clearest “knob,” about 400 feet above the
water, and perhaps as many yards from the
fort in a straight line. A man on top of it
would be outlined against the sky like a sil-
houette, for the sun rises over it in the morn-
ing and sets against it in the evening.
Altogether this location is just such as you
would expect of a man of Boone's great good
sense to select. It gives him every advantage
and puts his assailants at the mercy of the'
‘ n; It is related that once thelndians
attempted to undermine the fort by digging a
tunnel from the steep offset of the river bank;
but the dirt which they were compelled to
throw into the river discolored therwater and
so betrayed their designs. No trick nor de-
vice could be successfully used against the
people in the fort, for the sharp eyed pioneers
had the vantage ground.—Booncsboro (Ky)
Cor. Chicago Times.
Momma Could Boat Them All.
It is related that one of the little arch-
dnchesses .of Austria was taken toacircus
where nothing amazed her and very little
pleased her. On her return home the eur-
peror asked how she had enjoyed the per"
formance. “0h, very well.” the young lady
replied, “oriy momma does everything the‘
circus women did a great deal better. Why.
I have seen her jump through six hoops.” it
appears that this is really true, and that the
empress has on more than one occasion given
a. strictly private entertainment to herirrti—
mates, in which she has surprised them with
feats rivaling those of the most skilled circus
riders—Boston Journal.
Looking at Their Teeth.
Deceptions of all kinds are said to be prac-
ticed by French-Canadian families and mill
hands in Salem, Mass, in orderto conceal
the age of children too young to work from
the inspectors. Lately, however, a member
of the local school board, a dentist, hit upon
a means of overcoming the obstacle, and
now, in doubtful instances, the child is or-
dered to open its mouth. If no molar, ducat
the age of eleven, can be disc0vercd, it must
go to school in spite of all protestations.—
New York Tribune.
Norwalk Chronicler