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A American War inventions
Did Much to Gain Victory
~—
[GH technical honors recently
awarded a workman for per—
fecting a process that per-
mitted quantity production of shell
cases during the war brings to mind
the many American war inventions
that helped to shorten the great
struggle. Also centering attention
on these devices is the growin‘g
fight to end viper warfare—use of
gas, air bombing and submarines-—
going forward in the arms-confer-
ence.
Spi't‘ial i'iII'rt'.‘i]l’llidt'll('(’.
By DONALD M'GRECOR.
\VAs-nimn'ux, i) (‘._ Hullll‘tlily.
' I ‘llli liiliti-ti Si'll‘\' to tiny is fully lit
pt‘iil‘t‘ with iili tiit- \\oi'|tl. it is the.
first lllllt‘ iii n tli-tiitlt- Wur iiiid
l'ltllllll'rl of “ill' h.t\u t'iulltiwl through the
lust ten years. .
Mt \it.» loomed ilr<i~thvn Ailll'l'il‘uil (xvi-‘4
tiniiml inwtid [Ilil‘lnlh'i iin.l nnw pm 'i'
’l'hv- istvi'itl itmiilisiiiii-iit is: now will nn ihn
w iy. .\iI-|, itt‘li llit- \\':i.‘lilll‘;ltlil mini] iu-iu'o
fir lliu illiiiiiiltlll of llilll'Hlll'lliH iiiiiitintz
inn-l i‘l pin: I‘ i iowuwl lnwirin: i‘iii‘illilll'll
ti lililt‘iili) .IlII nit; liii‘ illlllllliH, Alil"i‘lt‘il now
it ll‘ilil' in liiu‘ him It iil' uilill ll ll.IH t’l'i'li' ill
it,» Ll‘lt it-n law‘s lilii" H'tuk oi‘ it~ til"
\H-lopinviits In tho :ill lllltlitl'i.liii ll'i'llhl
thrmich villi h it hr: in t imsmwi.
'l‘ilt“w‘i‘ ll“\l'it'l‘illi‘l|i‘ iii\l' lit't-n in turn}:
“nt‘w_h|1ih|"t“ii iii-Lilli)‘ lit-v Ill . nt' lh - iiii:-i«
nests iii ll.lll~l in iii» print it! of lll'kiii‘.’
“.ir, .\ill'iit.i‘s \\.li' lilXilill‘lll»\‘, thn' ginn-
ot’ how they vti-rt- inni;,:lil :iluiii', iii” put
tilt-y lll.l_\t‘tl iii lirii..:i.t.; \lt toi v to ihw unit in
at tirnis, will (min nn llil‘lill‘.'lvf I'illilt'l' in
[he liistoiics iliiil will lw ‘v\'iii"l iii the
future.
Turning the Sword
Int.) Plows‘aies Now
Aiiwricnn L:l'li".\ no“ will ltiril litany of
‘lltl tln~.‘l.lopnivui-. in pinyin-limo wink, Minty
0i tilt-m “til l"ii’lll| in :ir:tii.il.~i {or use if
war cier (‘l‘ull"\' :Ii'iiil. 'i‘i.-v will he
Weapon: tuik-v‘l Il\\'.'l_\' for :in c'nvrgr‘ilt‘y.
which the iiiitinii lit-pee, i':ii‘ii'iii;,ii'iy iii this
('hristmm- iii‘l-‘, lti‘\""‘ mil :llinl‘.
Snvo for the hunt iliill urrow \irttinily
every V:'L‘-'|ii.»'i it'l‘inii it) rn'iii, Horn" of illt'lll
loni; inqui‘tlvtl t'l-i n‘lmilt‘tt; mm t-inpluyt-tl on
the “L‘Sit'i‘il i'i'ont (hiring; ’im world war.
'Ihls was duo to tho hint that tho iliittlo
llim cxtcntlml from the 30:1 on tl‘c one will
to a llt‘Ull'Lll couu'ry, Swliaciliintl, on the
other, so that the ordinary iluni: move-
ments in warfare could not he employed- It
led to tho Spt‘t‘lill warfare thut continuud for
so many months. and it brunt-ht into play all
sorts of weapons, most of them, or (nurse,
improved‘upon since they lle bccn used
in the early days.
_Ono noti.e:tble instance of this “"15 tho
“tin daily" Worn by the lit-"Zhbtiya iii the,
Lt'enthcs, to protect tlu-rnwltcs raguinst
enemy fire. This hi‘tllllfi‘ni‘ was nothing
nioro nor loss than the armor of the tluyu of
OM Some of tho Hilltiil'TS who sort-ml ns
nniprrs Vile-Tit mlit“: further than the head-
gonr, wearing bullet-prod corsets and other
types of armor to the uvwi'nuc mind asso-
ciiitnd With the knights of nlfuly years ngo.
ilunl months had been used duringr the
Nupo’ficrui‘; wars, when tiicre was close
hand-to—hand fighting, but they were im-
proved upon for the lust war, and their con.
tents were explosives far more (ll'fldly than
anything ever known in tho oltl tlnys. Still
hand grenades were not a dcw-lopmcnt of
the world war.
The nitlll'ino as B. comlnt unit was dis-
tinctly a. development of the world Wzir. It
had been used {or scouting duty before tho
ouibrtak of hostilities, and had been in-
cluded in the military SC'hv-mt“, lint for “so
in dropping bombs and against tillll‘i‘ llli'~
craft it was unknown.
War Drvelopment Has Much
Increased Since Armistice
The truth is tlirit this doveiopmcnt has
progressed more since thc nrmistice than it
did before. 'Ihc ideas. or a l.ll‘_l:(‘ number of
_them, were obtained during the war, but
{the end came too soon to put them into
application. The construction of a 4.000
pound bomb, the largest known in military
operations. is the work of recent months.
Up until iccently there has never been a
bomb sight really worthy of tho name.
The airplane was fairly Well developed, it
in true, When the war broke out, but only
the moat preliminary study had been given
to its uses in time of hostilities. The few
airpln'ws the armies had were intended for
authoring information about the enemy.
Their u--.-. no known to-day. developed grad-
llnlly rim-r the war began.
This came u‘oout when one airplane, intent
on flying mm the enemy's llnc to get 'in-
tormution, was attacked by another. In the
first instance titers, although from opposing
armies. simply saluted each other when they
passed. Tl‘nn one day one fli'f‘tl on another,
and.” it was that air battles began. The
use of bombs: froi'n airplanes was it similar
devolq -
In: ”of the small bombs that wore in
use when the war ended, the armies now are
muippod with int-go bombs and bombs of
many kinda. each for its special purpose—
demolition bombs for use against intrench-
manta, fragmentntion bombs sending out
waves of smnll bullets for use against
troops. gym bombs and incendiary bombs, to
set fire to camps, villages and ammunition
dump-‘1-
Tlie Tan]: and Its Second Cousin,
Caterpillar Tractor. Here to Stay
Poison gas is entirely a development of
the world war. Up to the time the Ger-
ms. in 1915. in the battle of Yprea. liber-
gm palm use against the Canadian& it
by] not been used in combat. This, how.
giver, hardly can be regarded as on inveno
flop, {opting gases themselves were known.
0g. can gas. the deadliest of all on
bite, was developed during the
.....-..... .«u— m.-. ..
w -. “‘Ar‘
'1?
l..-
One of the greatest aids in infantry,
attack was the Browning light machine
gun, weight :5 pounds, fired thus. ‘
\‘t-ntioiis that grew out of the war. The
Allies, confronted with the problem 0: re-
eisting gus attacks, developvd the masks so
tiuit they Would protect the Suldli'rs from
death in agony when they came into CDi'.»
tut-t with the poisons.
Thl‘ tunic ”'31) was a war invention. It
“us the work of the British. who devc‘upt '
it from on idea obtained from a. Common
ful‘m tractor built in Peoria, Ill. One of ill.-
l’Iiigiish oillt‘crs saw the ‘ructor in open;-
iinn on a farm near London, and he oppiuul
the principle to the tank.
Tim caterpillar tractor similarly was a War
d('\t’l0pl'llelll. It is. in a sense, a second
cousin to tho tank, with similar motiv-
powcr and wheels capable of negotiating all
lillltlh of terrain.
t‘ntei‘pillar tractors, with their funny
lwltcd Wheels, now {ire used for hauling
heavy guns, mounted on carriages, the
“heels of which are constructed in the
some i‘iishion. They haul pow‘erfiil search-
lifzhts used ut night to find the enemy; they
pull the ammunition wagons over the hills
and through the streams; they bring: up the
luggage from the rear. Some of them,
luulit to seat i1 score of soldiers, make fast.
Rpm-d across country in advances against a.
retreating i’OC.
Thcsc tractors have taken the place of
the old time nrmy mule. They are pieces of
mechanism that never balk—power driven
pieces of machinery that form integral parts
of the great army which is little more than
a machine itself.
Tracer ammunition is a. development of
the World war. In the main this is intended
in nssist in aerial combat. but it also has
l-ven applied to machine guns and other
guns tircd from the ground. This new type
or ammunition enables those engaged in
firing to follow the course of the shots, so
that aim may be corrécted when it is out
of line.
In the ordinary machine gun. for example.
one out of every five bullets~the percentage
varies—is of the tracer type. constructed so
as to send off a fine smoke which is visible
to the nnked eye and permitting, thereby.
an accurate following of the bullet. If the
aim is inaccurate it may be corrected-
This development came about when ma—
chine guns operating from airplanes were
rendered useless, almost. by the inability
of the operator to trace the fire. It was a
need the army saw, and many army en-
gineers took a hand in the work at finding
something to overcome the difficulty.
Similarly a (layelopment, a direct result of
the war, was the aircraft machine gun itself.
The perfectiOn of this weapon is especially
interesting. since one of the problems en-
countered was to prevent a. jarring of the
airplane. due to the recoil ot the gun. This
was overcome by firing a powder charéo
from the rear of the gun, to neutralize the
recoil.
In addition to this a gun was devised so
that it might be fired through the swiftly
moving propeller blades, without hitting ‘
them. The airplane, of course. offers a. re-
stricted firing base. Due to the tall and to
the wings the most advantageous place for
firing is from the forward part, through the
propellers.
The war also brought about the develop-
ment of the Browning machine gun and
the perfection of the Lewis machine gun.
which modern weapons hold an important
place in the list of ui‘mament on the west-
ern front.
Ordnance officers for many years have
been and still are, in fact, experimenting
with fuse attachments for. shells. They
doubt it they ever will be able to find a pen
feet fuse, for. no they put it. such a thing
would be a. "mind render run.” The result
is that different fuses are required for
difi’erent work. ‘ ’ '
Of all the fuse: the guy had when the
war came on none of then) mu found to be
suitable for antimircraft are: 9 Ordinary
fuses would not do because they Were
:Hcflacc of bombing by airplane
caused the development of nthts ma-
chine gun to fight on invading cent!
squadrons.
‘t.
“it
‘t‘fifitfitx‘tt. .
«seem '
“mi
gt“, wm-gmr w
A!"
WEDNESDAY, men 1, 1922
—-—
—-——-
"on’fen’s Great Part
In Arms Conference
Historic References to Trouble Making Not-
withstanding, Position of Sex Is Recog-
/ nized as Always Against “'31-
Special Correspondence.
WASHINGTON, D. C., Saturday.
, OMEN have always been for peed.
)1: the twenty thousand years 0:
so of recorded or guessed at
human history there have been beautiful
troublemakers here and there to upset the
world, such as it was. The lion and the
lizard romp over some of their achievements.
There was Helen of Troy. for example—if
she was a real person and not merely the
seductive fancy of an old, blind beggar-poet.
Cleopatra wealways think of in this trouble-
making connection, whether rightly
wrongly it is hard to say. historians are
such innocent liars. Old Otway, who ver-
sified for the British of King James's day.
held a dour opinion of the sex as lnciters
to war. Hear the grumpy old person;
01'
What mighty ills have no: been done by
Women!
was't
Roman!
Vi’lzo betrayed the Capitol?——A
.
Heavy artillery made mobile by the caterpillar tractor was a distinct outgrowth of the war.
shows the U. S. army’s eight inch gun, range fourteen and one~hal£ miles. and its tractor.
45.000 pounds; speed, fifteen miles per hour. ,
Picture
Total weight,
devised for a. specific and constant air
pressure. “'hcn used for shells from an
anti~aircraft gun they did not work satisfac-
torily, due to the fact that they could not
be adjusted to the rarefied air encountered
in high altitudes.
This problem was met and solved by the
VVoitham \‘i'atch Company. and its en-
gineers. The fuse developed is a mechani-
cal device working very much on the order
of an ordinary watch, which. when set for
a specified number of minutes, will function.
The Sam Browne belt, such as is worn by
the -ofilcers of the United States Army, first
put in its appearance during the world war.
although it was the development of a British
officer. Sam Brown, in Africa. The belt first
was used Mlle British. In the opinion
of some 0! the highest officers of the Amer-
ican and allied armies it has been well
Worth while.
In the first place, during operations. the
belt enables the omcer to be readily dis-
tinguished from the enlisted man. He may
be covered with mud, in the trenches, but
every one knows, from the belt. that he is an
officer. The belt. being the color of the uni-
form. is not distinguishable far beyond the
line—that is. the enemy cannot see whether
a man is.wearing a belt or not.’ ‘
A Good some: Is He Who‘
Takes Most Pride in Appearance
But equally important is the effect the
belt has on the ofilcer morale. An ill-fitting
blouse or one that is soiled shows up more
readily when an officer wears a belt. so that
the belt forces the officer to be more careful
of his appearance. It is held to be true by
military authorities that the efllcieut army is
the army which is careful of its personal
appearance.
In this connection it is interesting to re-
call that the British army carries this idea
to what might, to the casual observer, be
considered the extreme. Take for example
the British artillery. Every night the
horses are curried and the harness is cleaned
so that it shines- It makes no difference if
the march has been on in the mud all day
and it it is to be continued to-morrow, under
the same conditions. The theory is that it
will strengthen the morale o «the different
organizations for them to k ’ ‘their equip;
ment looking bright. It is 3 standard :‘
which the British army is striving“ con
stantiy. Much the some rule applies
the United States army.”
The development of helium gas, in the all
fields at Texas. came with the world war.
This gas, about which so much has, been“
written a: late. bgcauae or its successful ‘
’ Coos-Mum. mm. by
in a navy‘dlrigible. is intended for balloons
It overcomes one of the great diificulties ex-
perienced with balloons in the‘past. when
they were inflated with hydrogen gas.
it was easy enough to destroy a balloon
tilled with hydrogen. All the enemy had to
do was to hit it with an incendiary bullet.
and the balloon went up in flames. Hydro-
gen is highly inflammable. But this is not
true of helium. It has all the buoyancy of
hydrogen—perhaps a little less—but it will
not burn. With the development of helium
has come also the development of a special
type of valve to be used on the gas bass.
One of the important things about the dis-
covery. or rather the development of
helium gas, is that the United States has
the only supply or it in the world. It makes
military ballooning safe for the United
States. while all other nations at the present
time are at a disadvantage in this regird.
being forced to depend still on hydrogen.
In the field or communication, both for
the army and the navy. there was remark-
able development durlng the war—develop-
meat, too. that will be of great use to the
people of the world in time of peace. All
the resources of the nation—civil and mill-
tary-—\Vere called into play to solve the com-
munication problems that were acute from
the fact that the battle line was 8.000 miles
away from the actual base of operations.
One of the outstanding developments in
the way of communication was the airplane
telephone. which was brought out at the
Signal Corps cantonmcnt at Little Silver.
N. J. . Through uthls—an application of
radio-it is possible for airplanqs in flight to
communicate with each other and “ith the
ground.
Airplane and Submarine
Telephones Grew Out of Late We:
Similarly there was developed a system of
telephoning from submarine to submarine
and, more important than all. a device which
permitted submnrtng detection, of the great-
est value in the defeat of the German sub-
.marine campaign. This instrument, con-
nected with land stations by cables. was
planted on the floor of the ocean. ,easoh
equipped with a detectorétransmitfter -to
pick up the sound ota submarine propeller.
It: mposuble through this instrument to
With the fact that a submarine was
preheat: beneath the surface, audit: was
also. to give the approximate hoa-
When such Information was glimpse
at at: ,‘Itatlons and it was evident, tram
the RM location of our own submarines.
that ' the craft reported belonged to the
Who lost Mark Antony the world?—A
woman! '
Who was the cause of a long ten years
war
And laid at last old Troy in ashesl-LA
woman!
Destructive, damnable. deceitful woman!
Rough, isn‘t it? Nothing for the admit-
tedly superior sex to celebrate about. But
the point is. dear old Otway was twisted in
his reasoning. The variety of sprightly lady
that let the Gauls in, let Antony in, in
another sense. and gave Homer the material
for two books is not the sort that rocks the
cradle and rules the world. That kind is
the giddy exception and doesn't count 1:1.le
. great sweep of human troubles and joys
that the undersurface craft might be de-
strayed.
This campaign against submarines. which
every one recalls was one of the great prob-
lems of the war. also brought out the depth
bomb. which was shot 0!! the atterdecks of
destroyers and other craft to destroy the
enemy.
There was romance. too, in the produc-
tion of the first machine to transmit unde-
clpherable code. This was one of the most
important of all the inventions of the war.
and made certain that messages could be
sent without the enemy being able to read
them. -
The machine is capable of transmitting in
plain English messages absolutely unde~
clpherabie en route. It is the only unde—
cipherable code device known to man.
The machim will transform an ordinary
message into cipher, transmit it with abso-
lute secrecy and decode it at the other end-
The message travels along at the rate- or
from forty to seventy words a minute.
The message is first written in plain Eng-
lish in the ofiiee in which it originates. It is
copied then. on a typewriter keyboard. by
which it is set down into a combination of
perforations on a long paper tape; This
tape is tied into a transmitter and the re-
sult. at the other end of the wire, is a tape
containing a corresponding set of perfora-
tions. RunJhrough a deciphering machine
it comes out in plain English, as originally
written. Through the shitting of the keys
it is possible to create 999.000 code combina-
tions.‘none of which can be read during
transmission. . It insures absolute secrecy in
. seem. a general al‘arm could be sent out, no military communication.
to New rout mama.) 3‘
The kind that does count is the kind fills
millions upon millions of unhonnred and
unsung women whose grief because ot :11-
would have filled the Mississippi Riler hark
full for a century~you don't read at»: in
the “Iliad" or the "Odessey" or in the "Tales
of Analent Rome." or see in the movie: (.1:-
that matter. They
peace. I! you want a reason. ‘t is b‘n’gusg
women have aiways had a t‘ieers-r apt-nu
Sun of the Value of Lie than men have i.)
Only recently have they been per-13,
have always been for
by man, vain. barbarttufly sensrt‘xc to Lyn:
voice to Heir instincts. Man has armr- 3,:M'"!
cherishing the Fullnn that ‘551r pair;
rattling good history, \K‘oman khan»; gt ..
makes nidrm's and orphans and misun- £52,."
they must ii\e to endure. Mar. may lam i;
an odor of glory, Vi’nrnan must iitn ', my
the tuxgialheré‘r ai‘tr *ht- flags Lave um...
furied and the bli‘rw‘ts are dark, 1: -. {3
“Hiawatha“ that llrrngfmuw 3,3...8.
l'. is the fate cf “'w'liifli
Ml“; to in‘ g
Like a ghost the‘
Women's Creed Is
Fee/:5
hFl‘Pa‘iW‘i'Z’."‘il ‘z‘v -(i.:i\_ s
of history, ll! twain," .. . . :32; .
:intir‘ipat-fl Rt" Ii-‘i" -. s r ’n r‘ :-
5130 in 311‘ .~ y‘txziv - t " 7- icttr we
a pond v.11 z r :l w ,.. r xx 4 j
‘hcy d, all u? " ‘7' 4'?
had I» C 717i ’ ,. t7- ‘ {<4
htJ‘ thi‘ws aid 9 . s\v, x WJT 4 '3
('r‘mt'l’i'in‘. St’F V\‘ 'T ‘. ‘ . ‘ wt 54
the drug of 'ii. m r: TY“. .3 -
togth i;.:cr u .' . ,2: ~ ' 9
nothing, iF as 'itw ‘5' i. a" z
the just Gt 2- i r;
isntam-ire I, -‘_\' :-v
mans lost, S't;._ 11w ,~ n ~i
which cos: i . r :'
War as a rivsoihm of 5—H
There have lit-en ai_\' runfl-r 'f -n a
conferences be fore
ment which
Peace cc“ .,
”ht:- thine: t:
ilrfi f1.
is l
long as ~-
peare confr liner 3-. f. “135. y 2., 4355...} 3,
list: its august car 1. r fu' r3: a'fifi
wishes of women? 1 if. no trick or";
a little way. not far erm s‘ruln i'fiap
fixation, and who! d . “c . ’ A climorirg
assembly of importart r“ .. r~t :3 carve
up Europe for the get: . l“. ry of the
masculine sex. ‘th‘t‘ 'n - 2w (id to 5.:
in? Not so it could be r ' w n or there-
after. What inappirtd ' ' :Lke
this: The Rigs: Hon rp-
turning to the manor and Arr.-
idly, by Lady Jiggsters if h:
been made at the day 5 session
toward wiping out war. rt*I-If~d; Odds bod-
klns. fairest love! Such coa‘se matters are
not for thee, daintykins: Esther not my
lovely head with affairs so rude and blunt.
Come, strum me thy zither'"
That was the kind of communiqué the
ladies not not so long ago “hen they re-
quested news of a peace confluence. Some.
thing seems to tell me that Daintyklns. even
in those suifragcless days. must hava pry-hie:
her pearly teeth, swallowed hard and prayed
{or help to stay her hand against the Chump
that the good (303 and {73er Boniface no.1
tied he: to? Welladal‘. a woman's place
was in’the home then.
No, the sex we are worrying our ch‘s
about. speculating as to whether they will
like the Christmas present we have tucked
away under the rack where she knows we
keep nothing but horrid oid home brevr.
didn't cut much ice in the peace conferences
antecedent to the conference of Washington.
They were scarcely among those present in
any sense. But Washington is somethgx
9156 again. A change has come ovrr (5:4
shall We say the spirit of mankind? Wr-rncn
count for something in this p:r“ae'1.'r‘-L
Their influence Ls t ;h direct and in: rest
and very potent. t’ is true ii: men.
Hughes, Balfour, Briana, Kain. swam.»
and their associates, get the credit as at 0‘5
and the front pages. but nothing in its
world is a solider fact than the woman
fluence which not only precipitated it e cor.-
n.
ference but held it steady Minn: £3
destined end.
The Work for Peace Was
Fostered by Women W203?
This is not a. catalogue of "notable in vzi "t“
if you please. There are women hrrc ‘53
are no: at all notable or distinguisbwi r .i
that have exerted a very powerful inflow-i as
to keep the conference of! the rocks. in":
can‘t say that Lady This or the Countrss of
That or Mrs. Secretary So and So is r - . -
able for the good work. Not at all 'T *
good has been furthered by the rt~
momentum of women the world over, a 1m:
in a thousand subtle but mandatory MU!
ever the statesmen responsibic for periorm<
lance. When the real story of the Washing-
ton conference is told, if evrr, there wzil 34!
a fascinating chapter devoted to this. “fine
Will be a chapter or two devoted to ' is
benevolent. wise pcrsistency ot the run“:
kind of women who kept the peocemetxcrs
up to their Job. smiling away at dinners in:
mountainlike obstacles that had been isti
in the secret sessions smoothing ruined gm-
slbilltjes, placatlng injured vanities. twister-
ing up faint hopes and L‘ways keeping before
the peaccmakers, like an lkon stamped th'h
gold, the vision of the peace that the Poop-9
silently, implacably waited for.
As I say. this is not a catalogue "t
women's names. Possibly you may have dis-
cerned in the news reports or even in ms
columns of’ society reports some achicvma‘
identities. There are literally scores
women. so fortunately situated as to be the
battalion of life for their sex the world over.
concerned in this modest victory. Among
them are the women of American officifil
life. some British women, a French waive“
or tum. a very, very old Japanese lady. a";
era] sprightly Italians and at least two Cit--
nese ladies who find their frocks on the 1‘31}
de la Paix and in Paris. Neither the muc
vlduals nor the nationalities count for mild;
in the sum total of what the sex has dos?
here. There is one man who know: me}:
much all the story. That is the lf’rtsldt’f'lt m
the United States. Maybe he will tell .t
a mesmge to the Congress . .
L
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a
Norwalk Chronicler