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,. WASHINGTON, June Jim—Results
er"; 1; ‘. dun extensive study of Trust Laws
,1, l. 1. and Unfair Competition were submit
“'1 , ted to President Wilson today in a
report prepared by the old bureau of
Corporations for its informative val-
-‘ue to congress in enacting legisla-
“L-L": '2 Talon. Federal‘antbtrust law‘s, judicial
1. « .:decisions and their influences 'npon
forms of business organizations are
..,.gdlscussed as are the state laws and
those of foreign countries. _
I The chief conclusions of thé' study
here that the development of anti- trust
legislation and consequent judicial
:decisions have been important factors
in shaping forms of businisss organi-
.ution and that interpretations of the
Sherman law, especially the more re-
cent decisions, have demonstrated its
far-reaching effect. Practically llIo twi-
light zone has been left, the report
says which cannot be reached by
state or federal law.
“Although the Sherman anti-trust
..,, kw is comprehensive infill: scope."W
“W" ' i’i’ys (armament is not so emu-1y
“."l I j 1 established that the judicial decisions
" ' afford a basis Ilor deterrnining with
exactness the lawfulness. or. unlawful-
,. ‘ U less. when taken, severally of many
I particular devices that have been
If; used collectively to control ,fthe mar-
tet Almost every decision has been
" based on a complex set of facts and
the use of a number. bf dlu'ernnt de-
vices to Irestrain trade"
‘1 ‘ii
.9 I:
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k-wa a.
7.. -_' , :th ~7 shaman.
I I Department of rI‘ommerce. careful: GU
‘ ‘ Corporations.
WASHINGTON, March 14.~Slr: 1
~ have tlzr honor to submit herewith a
.‘ report ah TrustILaws' and Unfair
Competition. I
The Bureau first directed its atten-
tion to this Isubjoct in connection with
proposed legislation to Isimlileifiehl
‘the anti- trust laws undertaken by the
Sixty-third Congress, in order that it
might be able, in so far as desired,
to furnish information thereon to the
legislative branch of the Government.
Furthermore. in connection with the
' " decision Inf Congress to establish~ ra
., .. Federal Trade Commission and to
' I grant to it certain functions regs gafdlng
unfair methods of competition. the Bu-
reau made a general investigation of
the laws regarding such competitive
methods. Much information was col
leciedI in a. form agents” 17 ”m. put-I,
a: pose in view and :‘t‘ v-ws thought that
* it would be useful to the general pub-
lic. For this reason, therefore. and
I without presuming to malts: a dog-
IImatic interpretation of the law. it is
deemed advisable to publish this ma-
terial in the present form. ,
Among the chief subjects discussed
IIare Federal anti trust legislation, the
judicial decisions thereunder, and the
infidence of such legislation on forms"
:I 9! business organization, the§"ah‘tl-
trust laws of the several states, the
‘i legislation of foreign countries with
I regard to combinations, and the laws
‘qaild jndi iai; decisions in the United
«'I’Statés and tasting countries with Ire-
"$.3'Y‘ “
’.n
‘73.]?
it
i".
IrtioIlIi ’
Effect 61' Legislation or: Business. 6.7-4
‘ 1» oanlzation. r»,
I ' A ccmparisonof the development of
antitrust legislation in "the United
- . . ..Stat'es and its Judicial. intérpretation
, mith the contemporaneous develop
. ment of the. forms. of business iii‘gapi-I
5nation would seem to justify the con-
Ilusion that the law has been an im-
I Iportant factor Ill? all log the him
I of business organisation. F‘o'r "taxi
ample. while combinations to suppress
competition in the fan! of holding
"~I..eompanies werelntno
by some to be, lawful
. were frequently resortIed to, the cleai
I this form and character have been
“ seldom adapted.
' statute, (2) that the present judicial
' some doubts 'as to' the extent to which
.1 thegjia'ti- trust laws Tile provisions of
1. We of earlier anti- 4%
3 'r‘ ’1‘; ILSlIlW AI'itIllI-‘éruet?Y Laws.
. ion. ‘have‘ utilised laws" against trusts
appeal» to- favor freedom of contract,
gard to unfair or unlawful competl-I
' when they are practical]
.55; the criminal Th. A
afloat. and since then combinations of“
“ Score of the Sherman Law.
' The judicial interpretation of the
Shem Wrist Law, especially in
more recent decisions. indicates (1)
that up adapted to prevent all kinds
of contracts or combination which
directly or hurtfuny restrain trade or
commerce submct to Federal control.
or monopolize or attempt to monopo
use it, although etiie means of re-
straint employed are so various and
. chilnging that it would be difficult to
define all of them specifically by
interpretation of interstate commerce
is such as to leave practically no twi~
light none which can not be reached
either by Federal or State law, (3)
ever walks of life in so far as they
are engaged in such commerce are
within the scope of its provisions, and
in particular that combinations of
manufacturers engaged in such com-
merce are compnehended by the law
notwithstanding that an early decision
of Ithé Supreme Court gave rise to
manufacturing combinations
contrary to the law. : a ‘
fAlthough the. Sherman Antitrust
{awhthereform is comprehensive in
its scope, it is not so clearly estab-
fished that the Judicial decisions af-
forId Ia basis for determining with
exactness theI lawfulness of unlawful-
ne'iss, when taken severally. of many
particular deficits that have been
hailed on a'complex set of facts and
thense of aapmber of different de
vices to restrain trade.-
Recent Federal Anti-Trust Legisla-
II ' lotion.
’l‘he Clayton Act of October 15,
1914‘. was'designed in part to estab-
lish more definitely the unlawfulness
of some of these devices to lessen
competition. especially with respect
to (1) price discrimination. (3) ex-
elusive contracts, (3). the holding by
one corporation of stock in another
corporation, and (4) the employment
”by. didercfinorporauons of conim‘dn
diggers; Ellis, sctplao modifies in:
some particulars the provisions of
the- --anti trust acts. especially with re-
gard to labor and agricultural organi-
rations, I,and changes in certain re.
spectsAthd methods of xprocedure and
the remedies in the ebforcement of
were
this law. however. have: not yet been
judicially interpreted. and are merely
set forth in this report together with
t lawn.
1
Almost all the 48 Ethics of the Un-
and combinations. the comparative
study of these laws which is made
in this report affords a useful basis
for determining the most effective
system of State legislation. in certain
directions the States. irior to the en-
actment 'of the Fedcrfi Trade Com‘
mission act and the Cliayton Act. had
gone further than Congress in forbid-
ding specific forms of IIunfuir competi-
tion. .The broad 115m 'Iof corporation
law is one. in which the Federal Gov-
ernment has not attempted any gen-
and legislation-and the report refers
to this subject only incidentally in re-
spect toIState legislation. Undoubt-
edly extensive reforms: in State cor-
poration'la‘ws are desirable not only,
to make them more reflective in pre-
venting abuses, but also to make
them as nearly uniform as possible
for the {general convenience of the
business ‘Woild ' '
Trust Laws in Foreign Countries.
in foreign countries the greatest di-
yersity exists with respect to trust
legislation.- England has no prohibi-
fury :legislatiom and iii the interpre-
tation of the-common- iaw the courts
more than freedom of industry In
the t English Ecoloniesb however,
Whine conditlr'ins "are most nearly
likelihose; in theUnited
polistlc comoinations a'r
forbidden. The laws ofI II
that combinations of persons in what- 91
' sized.
Fm WW‘WO m
trative powers to the commission
with respect to corporation who“
and the Mattel fl’nm
laws, and 115‘, 536%. nascent-w
cial function of determining. M10!!!
powers of this commission at contend
ed under the Clayton Act to deter-
mine questions concerning certain de
vices to lessen competition, referred
to above, which are unlawful under
thesaidaet,lnsofarasthosedo
vices are used by Corporations under
its jurisdiction. ‘
Meaning of Unfair Method! of Com-
petition.
This report shows what practices
have generally been regarded as un~
fair methods of competition by busi:
noes men, economic writers, and pub-
lf, men in the United States. and also
I at practices have been character-
ized as such by the Department of
Justice or by the courts in the admin-
istrstion of the anti-trust laws. Fur
thermore, it shows various competi-
the courts have termed unfair oom-
petition or which they hays held
could not be justified These decis-
term, than has been generally races
in presenting this infatuation,
however, it is not lntended,‘ in this
report, to limit :or define theterm
"unfair methods of competition."
Unfair Competition in- fusion ,
County”. : , H ,1
A broad survey is also made of les-
lslatlon on theI subject of unfair co'm
tries with some Jillustrations of the
applications of these laws indeduris-
prudence of the respective counties
In some countries reliance is chiefly
placed on general provisions of the
civil codes, while other countries have
elaborate special
particular practices.
tendency is to combine both. of these
systems.
the basic . idea of: unfair competition
is an act which unjustly ipiulns a
competitor and comparatively little
consideration is given to the question
of the effects on the general public.
Relation of
Monopolistic Practices.
in the United States, on the other
hand, the application of the term “un-
fair competition" in legal decisions
and in legislation indicates that the
effects on the general public are con
aldered. In certain classes of easel.
when determining whether a method
of competition is unfair or not the
question whether it tends to»~lessen
competition or to bring about a mono
:1on appears to be of primary im-
pIortsnce. it appears that Congress
was conscious of this identity be-
t“ can unfair methods of competition
and certain practices to lessen compo
tition, and therefore provided that the
quasi-judicial functions of the Federal
Trade Commission concerning unfair
methods of competition should apply
to those devices to lessen competition
which are prohibited under the Clay-
ton Act.
Very respectfully.
JOSEPH E. DAVlES.
Commissioner of Corporations.
The President.
scorn 10019qu man
ALARM noxn‘s
No.
13 West st. opp. Franklin St. Schoc:
13 Concord Street: opp; School
14 Cor. Ann and Main Streets
16 Cor. High St. Iand Bowlew Ave.
16 Norwalk Iron Works Building "
17 Cor. Cedar s: and West Ave.
18 High School. West Avenue . ,
21 Cor. Taylor Ave. and West Sis. .
23 Cor. Benton st. and Ely Ave;
24 Cor. Chestnut and Henry Ste;
25 Cor Monroe ma Main St‘a‘.”
26 Lexington Ave. and Austin Sta.
2? West and Elia Grow Ste. ‘ '
3 cor. Washington and Main 819.,
31 South Main at near Meadow
32 Electric Light station ‘ ,
34 Cor. Clay and: Spring Sta. .» ‘
$5 Cor. Haviland and Water StIa.II
If Lockwoadnghm -., ,, 5.4
4 Cor: Day and Raymond so. 1
uphold combinations or
course of prices as determined
competition. lmAustrtaI _
ations are invalid but no 2 I i
sity of law is found in other European
countries ' .
DneI of the most remarkable fean'
tures in the policy of certain foreign
denunciation of this
polistlc combvaionui .a decision by,
the? Supreme (apart in; 190-t- antistati-
. tully put an 701.4? the formation of
Roumanla.
edun'tries is the enactment of laws 28 creases. ton “stain-nod
which restrict competition in certain :4 33330003.? “r "I' I .
time thought {industries or even makeo ligating the __ 3 3% 8150 till!!!- 8“? ,lio PM”
(1 at any rate combination of competlt rs." as ”1510419 m) in,“ marooksldg
example. iii the potash 1575.5. in I519 “new; fire Long install
oral or- mono- IGermany‘.’ the sulphur industry- in ‘ ‘4“ r-i ‘~
‘iwnaesnam It?"
"alvw and the: petroleum industry ind
Federal Tradesman salon and U»-
wublmum of this. sort. In 1911 a '
"'I‘” fair chansons». ,I ..
arid yeti; .
18 Hickory Bluif
.21 Lonmwmdm
23 Penney" Eur 0,0. 3. I
.dieates W: two II?“ of hill-Iv
:tIiUI,1-1m bit" or m
. I M'l‘iml.
12 Highland m. to N I.
H R. R. . :
a": '
8f.
501111.0- 97-: ..- ..
one Ierdke of bell at. odd times in:-
olunlalrznatbodeofrmemonfl‘he,
tive practices which .at common law
ions give a much wider scope to the '
‘ 6235:; 8:8751 7:081, 8536!, 9125!,“
145:2“ I ., '9 i ' ..
I, Sundays.
petition in 155‘ chief European coun- "
laws prohibiting"
The . presen '
In: most foreign countries 1-
Uo'falr fichpetitlo‘n to‘
5755595:
Timetable
lN Eraser JUNE -1915.
scum None/Apt 10 now vonx.
A. lit—1:39; 6: 497: 6: 09.
6:571, 7: 18x, 7: 49 9: 09:. i: 18:, 9: 59:
9: 23:. 9: 40 1o: 33:, 10 51:. 11: 61, .
P. u.——'1:13x, 1:27;, 3102:, 3:29...
4:303. 5:151, 5:46, 6:02x. 0:47.14)“.
7:45x, 14:55:, 10:13:
11 03
P. M.—12:03'x. 1:06, 17:04:, 2:67,
3: 30x, 3: 54, 4: 26 5:062, ‘5: s5, 5. 29,
0:00;, 6:06. 7:,15x 810393911318,
12: 001. .
1‘: - ~"'—r—"
- Sundays.
A _M.—6: 00. s: 00x, 9: 00, 10: 08:, '
10 50;. I
1’. 3142710, 1:031. 3: 397:. $559.25.;
5725. 13:09:, 7:15x, 13:10:. 9: 00:,
10:90:. 11:15x.'12:00:. : :
W ’
sotmv Nonwux 70 NEW HABEINI
A M.~—12:23x 1: 13x. 0:05, 7:116
92‘7st 10:03; 10:18:. 11:12:, 11:57:15,
? "M.’-+12:03;11:20, 3:181; 4:28, 5:17,;
8107396
4,800 Square Feeti -‘
If you are seating storage room
at reasonable ter‘aia ln'dulre o‘f‘
.Ij,
IA. M.-——12:25x,, 5:421, 8:64, hr. (1 m on
10: 33:, 11,: 51. ’F‘“
P. M.:—1 13x, '2: 44, 3: 12:, 4:30;:‘5‘gt3m’mfi
5: 45, 0:02;, 7:02x, 7:12, 7:45'x, 7257:; m M“ lib.
810th, 9:551, 10:18:, 10:40. : . 5 :- . D C
NEW You To scum NORWALK. T’ Fl'fifl = c: 18, ’ '
A. “...; 41,. g- 3.. 3. 39 5:00;. “Wlhkll‘mmm
s 51;, 9: 15:, 10.- 02;, 1o:oo,1o:5ox, 3'” m“ 5““
A 919-12: est; iiiax, 7:43, 9:15:51 .. I
10?]9,~:1112-x,1’1:57x, , .
.1 lit-2: 4191:. 73:112. 4:401.
6:48. 7:08x, 8:89x, 9:251. . ..
.6: 30:.
SOUTH NORWALK TO. DANBURY.
A. M.:—-6 l3, 8: W27 9:593.
P. M.:——1 28, 4: 383:, 5:24:.' 6117,
7. 14. ' " '
~ “whys.
Alf—10:37. I., V
r M.:.-—215 7..20
oaNsuav v'o sourH NIonwatK‘
“A; «Mr—0:00,? 7123, 8:00;,II-9':1I9‘,
10:03:. 11:60. " '
P. lit—4:91, 6:49.
_ holidays.
A. M.-—7:60. 12:10, _ I
P. his-6:48, 7:18. 8:253. ,, ' I
x—aimmee express.
W
—8PRINGI IMIOVING DAYS;
if your tenanis are moving use In
fisntlnel Want Adv.
The surest Way
to make money
by saving it. Tfia‘tii whet:
IR can help you. Not that.“
we' re lBsrpirunninga‘“ Bargain S.tore '
But-this Is a “Value Store." Ir
Iglain Wink-um”
you an Mthumdthstybu can'rfi'I ,
make a. better
tIlieII'II public
‘Eionr'i‘dbncd’
we've created
quwmaand saw. 89 .-. :I
is being built AI
17‘ .-
. .. 9,8
$2051flts neon-upauhryfig $99:
$8 Coats ..........qtmu$89§
ALBERT
MORGAN
Successor to 1.,
Charles E
hero thud whatever you pay for it. . ~-
Dow
\
,II“
--‘.~.‘.- -
W .. .J~,¢
‘lh '.'«.'-.'.~'I4_' uI-JI-J 7
‘IIIVI
"Prim?-
IIThough our Corset De-
partment is at the merry of
the
through much disorder and
makers of“ progress
is
all
needs. Especially we desire
inconvenience, the stock
in condition to supply
to call attention to the fine
stock of “
Radical-and
Rustprool' Corsets
made in Bridgeport. I'and if
the size or especial model de—
sired is not in stock it is
simply a matter" of a few
hours before it is obtained.
Corset styles forI summer are medium. One reads' m
fashion papers of the new Waistline. ”11:51 means a natur-
waistline, a slight curve. I
The Rcdlern is a corset for
uomen of discrimination and
. good taste. --E\ on if it is
. considered high 3155191271,;le ‘
“ 'it is economy in the lo‘n'g‘run.
It ivill wearionger and keep
«the shape. ”Win a Redicrn
one curls up in an easy chair,
‘ , takes a siesta in a couch
hammock, rides, plays golf
or tennis,- and is never cou-
scious of a corset. ‘Come to
' the Corset Department and
examine the quality and the '
different models.
Prices from $3.00 to $5.01; and upwai‘d'.
Il'ilust- Prool” for Sulamer?
All metal parts are rustproof, and. there is absoluttly
no danger of delicate lingerie becoming hopelessly' ll'Oll-
ruSted. A "—Rust Proof may be taken do the washtub as
readily as any washable garment. Through the hottest
‘ I welder it can be kept fresh and clean.
Prices from $1.09 up.
7: Take new elevator. ,.
l
I second floor.
an-
mm 1952
1
. .-
-—-
DO YOUR OWN SHOPPIN
" Org/50’ 0- Hosiery
Given the BESTuVIqL-UE for Your Money
ImKhlhuCeuTtoSik, For Ilsa, Wane-admin“
Any Color and Style From 25¢: to $5. 00 per pair
Look for the Trade Muir! . Sold by All Good Dealers.
Lord. (5’ Taylor
- r ‘WI holmle NEW YORK
(5
i"
i
U
1" Within reach of everybody $
”WONDER forthe MONEY
Si
11.4000“
’\
ls _{§ _-cre
BROTHERS GARAGE
5 South Nomaik. Conn.
and
What Are Your Assets?
‘0 Manet of bulliess and personal
I Employed very distihctly
affairs today
I ' aANK 1N NORWALK. 1
, 9950151.. . .
I_;cm'“ ”IIwuh i"k.WlmI‘ Ito-easy one-oe'IaIIa-nc 99:99.. ‘1-00
titaniumwusu,‘ .51: and still collar and cuffs ...:.........$100
.9 Ulnnlflrrwm ”ft, and stiff Collar and Cum ......I.. 31.00
' sail STAMPS GIVEN I
Norwalk Chronicler