W '4‘ E K I: V -"- “win Rilwér.“fAl.1KV-‘G A. VET'I‘F IN'W’INSIDEEII’l—IISION' A Diver Says‘the Maine’s Plates Were Blown Outward. INDISPUTABLE EVIDENCE Clptaln Sigsbee Declares That Any In- vestigation as to Whether the Harbor Was Mined Would 'Be Discourteous to . Spain—No Such Inquiry Being Made. Havana, March 2.—One diver who has been at work on the wreck of the Maine says that the Board of Inquiry has indisputable evidence that the bat- tleship was blown up by an explosion from the inside. This diver says that the plates are all blown outward. He says that portions of. the Maine’s b0t~ tom were found hundreds of yards from the wreck. The rumors that American divers were being sent down with the object of finding out whether the harbor is mined or not are authoritatively de- nied. Captain Sigsbee says it is no- body’s business except Spain’s whether Havana harbor is mined or not. To prosecute such an investigation would be discourteous to Spain. Captain Sigsbee has had many dis- putes with the wreckers on the Right Arm. Their apparatus is entirely in- adequate, he says. The Maine has sunk twenty-one inches in the mud since she first went down. Captain Sigsbee has protested to the Navy Department at .Washington against the tardiness of the wreckers. Bishop Santander, of Havana, an- nounces that he will erect, at his own expense, a marble wall around the graves of the Maine’s victims. The Board of Inquiry is expected to finish its work in about ten days, but its decision will not be given out for publication at Washington until about April 15. The Inquiry at Key West. Key West, March 2.-—The second day’s session of the Court of Inquiry is over, and nothing new is known re- garding the fate, of the Maine, at all events, outside the members of the court. Some who confidently declared a Week ago that the court had already found the vessel was intentionally blown up have. modified this convic- tion, and, for the most part, admit that reports must be based largely on spec- ulation. Even naval officers are ap- parently as much in the dark as the civilians as to what the court’s opinion is at the present moment. Excellent progress has been made in the exam- inations, and the court will probably finish its work here to-day, when its members will be taken back to Havana on the Mangrove. ' The court examined four engineer of- ficers yesterday. Passed Assistant En- gineer Morris, Assistant Engineer Bow- ers, Cadets (Engineer Division) Vlash- ington and Crenshaw and ten enlisted men. . Judge Advocate Marix said: “We have done good work and are clearing up here in great shape.” ' Following the custom at the previous sessions of the court all the witnesses were sworn not to reveal any part of the proceedings of the court. It is the general opinion here that the verdict will be that the maine was blown up by treachery. All officers who are not connected with the affair directly and will talk have that opin- ion. The slowness of the court seems to strengthen this View. SPAIN NOT RESPONSIBLE. long Says Spanish Government Had Nothing to Do With the Disaster. washington, March 2.—Following the Cabinet meeting . yesterday a report was circulated to the effect that Secre- tary Long had stated that the element - of Spanish, responsibility had been: eliminated from the incident of the dis- aster to the Maine. When Secretary Long returned to the Navy Department a representative of the Associated. Press asked if the report were true. He said his expression had been of the mot casual character, based entirely upon his personal judgment, and did not spring from any evidence or infor- mation in hi‘s possession. He further said that there was a material abate- ment of the excitement over the sub- ject of the Maine. The Secretary add- ed that his reference to Spain's respon- sibility was that the question of any official participation by the Spanish Government in the destruction of the Maine was practically eliminated, in' his judgment. He desired to have it made clear that that was his personal view on the subject. SENATORS GO TO CUBA. A Party of Congressmen to Make a Personal Investigation. XVashington, March 2.—A party of Senators and members of the House left Washington at 4 o‘clock yesterday for a. trip to Cuba. They went by train to Fortress Monroe, and from there took a private yacht for Havana. The party consisted of Senators Gallinger, Thurston and Money, and Representa- tives Amos J. Cummings and William Alden Smith and their wives. Senator Thurston said that the trip was under— taken for the purpose of making a per— SOnal investigation into affairs in Cuba. "It is not,” he said, “in any sense an official tour, but it will naturally give us a better opportunity for'investiga- tion than we can possibly have from this distance.” He said the party would be absent about ten days. Senator Gallinger said that. he had not exchanged a word with the Presi- dent about the trip, and that it was purely a private undertaking. NO ULTIMATUM TO SPAIN. March 1 Never Fixed as the Date for Autonomy to Be a. Success. Washington, March 2.—The story that the administration had set March 1_ as the date for Spain " to prove her policy of autonomy in Cuba a success and had given an ulti- matum to the Madrid Government to this effect is characterized here as on a parwith the “war dispatches" of the last ten days. never fixed a date for Spain to carry out her autonomy scheme and, as a. prominent Senator said, if it had de- cided upon a time, it certainly would not have named a date. just after the Coral had f t, disselyed and the The administration has . ' THE LATTIMER TRIAL. How the Fate of Sherlfl' Rial-tin and His Deputies Hangs. vVVilkesbarre Pa., March l.——Thc fourth week of the Latt’imer trial 0129::- ed yesterday with the genera. expects.— tion that before the week ends the tes- timony of the defense will all be in, and some of the Commonwealth’s witnesses in rebuttal heard. By t is middle of next Week the verdict should be rendered. The defense has many witnesses to Ileanbutisrushingthem through so rap- ldly that all will be heard by Friday or Saturday, including the Sheriff and the deputies. The witnesses heard by the defense contradict in many important particulars the evidence of the Com- monwealth’s witnesses. It is said that every one of the 111 so far heard are directly interested in one company or mother, either as employees on regular salaries or employees' wives. The first witness was Miss Cora Hein- bach, aged 18, who said that on the day of the shooting at Lattimer a woman rushed past her house crying that the strikers were-coming and she was go- Ing to find her husband and get him to hide, fearing that the Strikers would blow up the town. She ran to the schoolhouse and asked the teacher, Miss Grace Coyle, to excuse her little sister. She hurried home, and the en- tire family hid in the garret. They heard the shooting, a few scattering shots and then a volley, but no shots afterward. . The second witness told how the strikers at Lattimer were urged to charge upon the deputies. This wit- ness, Stephen Gullenmiller, drover over from West Hazleton on the day of the shooting and was a few feet behind the deputies when the strikers approached. He said that he saw a big man in his shirt sleeves standing behind the depu- ties, and that he beckoned to the strik- ers to come on. They did so, although momentarily halted by the Sheriff and were close upon the deputies when the shooting commnced. There were a few Scattered shots and then a volley and no shots afterward. Stephen Durkin, a blacksmith, told about having seen the procession of strikers pass McKenna’s Hotel, some of them carrying sticks and clubs. He, with a friend, had halted in the alley between the houses and back of the line of deputies. As the strikers came on he saw the Sheriff go out to meet them, and saw the scuffle between the strikers and the Sheriff. He lost sight of the Sheriff. At this moment a man standing just in front of him in the al- ley motioned with both arms for the strikers to come on. The crowd rush- ed past the Sheriff and then came the shooting. The main interest in this witness’ tes- timony was that relating ‘to the signal from the alleyway by the big Hungar- lan, which had been previously men- tioned. The Witness was minutely ex— amined as to the time taken up by the shooting, and as to whether. the strik- ers had started to run before the gen- eral volley. He declared emphatically that at the first two scattering shots the mob had iturned to escape, and that as the vol- , Iey came many ( f the strikers had their . backs turned toward the line of depu— ties. This point is one on which the defense will lay much stress, because 'the prosecution’s contention has been that the men were ruthlessly picked off after they had run away some distance. Witness Durkin told the best story 1yet offered on the side of the defense In this particular. . Burgess W. W. Smith of West Hazle- ton said that on September 3 he saw about fifty strikers drive the men from the Coyle strippings, by throwing stones at them. He, began to tell how the policemen, whom he ordered to ar- rest the men, we're afraid, but was , stopped by the Commonwealth, and the ' objection was sustained. The burgess 5 went on to say that after September 3 "tan Jones to take ‘emen to aid him at night. This w owing to the fear of violence at the ands of the strikers. John Landfee ar, an old resident of West Hazleton, testified to advising the strikers to disperse and go home and pay attention to the Sheriff’s proclama— tion. The strikers declined to listen I and replied: "The Sheriff is no good.” he ordered P; three special ] BATTLE FOUGHT IN CUBA. ‘ Spaniards Had 2,800 Men Against 3,000 Insurgents. Havana, March 1.—La. Lucha .pub- - Iished late last evening an official dis- patch giving an account of a battle in the Province of Puerto Principe, in which the insurgents are said to have 'ost 181 killed and wounded. According to the dispatch the battle took place Feb. 18 and 19 in and near the Santa Ines and Hinojosa Hills. The Spanish force, which was under the 30mmand of Gen. Jiminez Castellanos, numbered 2,400 infantry and 400 cav- alry. The insurgents numbered 3,000. The insurgents left 87 dead on the field. Among the killed were Col. Al— varo Rodiguez, Commandant Angel Recio, and other officers. According :0 the dispatch, the Spaniards lost one officer, Lieut. Perajo, and seven sol- diers killed, and three officers and 73 soldiers wounded. The Spanish troops are said to have captured many weapons, 3. large quan— aity of ammunition, and 34 horses. Bank Cashier Sentenced. Philadelphia, March 1.—Cyrus E. Bre— ‘der, former cashier of the First Na- tional Bank of Bethlehem, Pa, who pleaded guilty, on February 21. to the embezzlement of over $20,000 from the bank, was yesterday sentenced to sev- en years in prison by Judge Butler, in the United States District Court. House Passes Sundry Civil Bill. Washington, March 1.—-The House ‘ passed the Sundry Civil Appropriation bill yesterday after four days" debate. The most important action was the elimination on a point of order of the appropriation for this ecuntry’s repre- sentations at the Paris Exposition. Governor Budd a Candidate. San Francisco, March 1.—-The Chron- lcle says: “Governor Budd has inform- ed his friends that in view of the re- tirement of Senator White. he will be a. candidate for the ' United States Senate, provided the next Legislature Is Democratic. Long needed rain has ended the 'lrought which seriously threatened the farming region of the principal val- leys of California; " _..__r ALL IMIRIclN’S‘" SIFE They Protest Against sensational Reports About Havana. MEETING HELD LAST NIGHT And Resolutions Adopted Denying tht Stories That Americans Are Daily In- sulted on the (Streets—To 3. Sent to President McKinley. Havana, March 1.—A meeting of the Americans now in Havana was held last night at the Hotel Inglaterra. The ‘object was to protest against the sen- sational reports which are being sent to certain New York papers. Resolu- tions wen m denying the Stories that Americans are daily insulted in the streets. Owes of the resolutions will be sent to President McKinley and Captain-General Blanco. There is no intimidating of Ameri- cans here. Every cithen of the United States is perfectly safe.‘ These facts were stated in emphatic form in the resolutions adopted last night. Captain Sigsbee has received orders from Washington to forward to Key West in metallic coffins any bodies which may hereafter be recovered from the wreck. Those which have already been buried in the cemetery must re- main there two years, according to the Havana law. Eight divers are continuing their work at the wreck of the Maine. Two are Spanish and the other six Ameri- cans. The physicians have given permission for the removal of five of the wounded sailors to Key West on the Bache to- morrow. Their names are Webber, Mack, Cahill, Matteison and Allen. SOMETHING FOR SPAIN TO EXPLAIN How Was This Explosion Caused If There Were No Mines or Torpedoes? Washington, March 1. — Ever since Senor du Bosc made the ofiicial statement last week that there were no mines in the Havana harbor there has been a good deal of comment in official circles in regard to a. certain explosion in Havana harbor some weeks ago. The matter seems to have been overlooked until the Spanish Charge d’Affaires made his announce- ment, but it is now recalled. At the time of the explosion in question it was officially stated by the Spanish author- Ities that they were experimenting with explosives in the harbor. Shortly after Blanco assumed com- mand in Havana a dispatch entirely free from sensationalism was sent from Havana and. published largely in the American newspapers stating that a se- vere explosion had occurred and that there was much excitement and appre- hension until it was checked by the an- nouncement_of the authorities that the explosion was merely an accidental dis- charge of a torpedo in the harbor which officials “Were experimenting with from the shore.” This announcement at the time insignificant, now acquires im— portance as disproving the claim that no torpedoes or mines were in the bar- bar. TO INCREASE THE NAVY. Resolution to Appropriate $20,000.00!) for Purchase of “’ar Ships. Washington, March 1.—-Representa- live Bromwell, of Ohio, yesterday in- troducedun the House the followlng resolution: “That the Secretary of the Navy be and he is hereby authorized whenever in his judgment it shall be- come expedient for the best interests of the country to dose, to secure options upon and consummate the purchase of such battleships, cruisers, rams, tor- pedo boats or other form of naval ves- sels as are of the most modern type and ready for immediate use, together with the necessary armament and equipment for the same as in his judg- ment are necessary to place the naval strength of the country upon a; proper footing for immediate hostilities with any foreign power with which the same may be threatened; and that for the purpose of consummating such pur- chase there is hereby appropriated the sum of $20,000,000 to be immediately available.” . The resolution was referred to the Naval Committee. Mr. Bromwell said he introduced it to call the attention of the Naval Commitee to the necessity for providing such a contingent fund In the Naval Appropriation bill. If the committee does not include such a pro- vision in the bill when it is reported he will offer it as an amendmcnt in the House. NO MORE MEN FOR THE NAVY YET. Naval Bill to Be Held in the House Until Maine Inquiry Ends. Tv’ashington, March 1.— It seems , that the Columbia and the Min— ‘ neapolis must wait for their com- ; plement of men to go into commission. Much mystery surrounds the question. When asked about the letter from the Secretary of the Navy, requesting au- thority to enlist 1,500 men to man the Columbia and Minneapolis, and make up the complement of other vessels, Mr. Boutelle, chairman of the House Naval Committee, showed great irritation, and indicated his opposition to the ap- plication of the Secretary. Later, it was said that an understanding had been reached between the Secretary, Mr. Boutelle and Senator Hale, chair— man of the Senate Committee, that a joint resolution. providing for the en- listment should be put through both houses this week. Since then the situation has changed, and it is determined that the depart- ment shall wait until the naval bill is reached in the regular way before the men are provided for these vessels. The members of the committee are very ret- icent and hint that there is a serious disagreement somewhere. It is said on committee authority, that the naval hill is to be held back until the report of the l\«l’aine Board of Inquiry has been reclived, and that if then it appears :hut war is inevitable provision will be made in the bill for all the men wanted, and the further strengthening of the naval establishment, but. that nothing will be done until then. Tl-e large Flavine dye wood and (-hezn'nical works of the John S. Young C(unxfi-any, at Hanover, Pa., were de- strbyed by fire Sunday, entailing a loss of $40,000; insurance, $26,000. ANNIVERs_AR_v PARTY. Mrs. Susan Ferris Surprised By Her Own Kith and Kin. ‘ - Presented with Many Valuable as Well as Useful Girls. ‘17—— Tuesday was the 80th anniversary of the natal day of Mrs. Susan Ferris, and she was given a birthday surprise party at the home of her son, Hon. John H. Ferris on West street, SOuth Nor- walk in the evening. The old lady went to the home of her son with the delusion that she was to see a. lot of little chicks hatched out in an incubator by her grandson, Percy Ferris. When she was ushered into the house she was met by a shower of con- gratulations which threatened to over- come her, but a happy smile played on her face as soon as she recognized the situation and became aware that she was the victim of a. surprise party. Those assembled to give her greet- ing, and they numbered over fifty, were all members of the Ferris family, and included as direct kin, Hon. John H. Ferris, Frank N. Ferris, Charles E. Ferris, Mrs. W. H. Jarvis and Mrs. E. Valentine. . Mrs. Ferris entered into the full spirit of the occasion and was seeming- ly as young as the youngest of those present, at least so far as actions went. It would require a truck to convey to her home the presents she received which were as varied as they were val- uable. Music, both vocal and instrumental was provided, and a feast of good things edible Was served, in which latter, Mrs. Ferris took a hearty interest. Having a knowledge of her love for flowers the “surprisers” provided lib- eral quantities of them and the rooms resembled a tropical garden. It was a late hour when the good old lady bade good night to her friends and returned to her home. This morning Mrs. Ferris is reported as having survived the attack in good form and as feeling quite chipper. ___‘-.__ POUND RIDGE ROMANCE. A young couple’s love affair is caus- ing‘ a good deal of gossip in Pound Ridge, says the Stamford Advocate. About a year and a half ago a young man of twenty-six years began paying attention to a girl of little more than sixteen summers. As the story goes, the old folks and other members of the family seemed to look upon the affair as an acceptable one, and treated the beau with all due courtesy. The time came to purchase the engagement ring, and the love-stricken pair drove to Stamford one fine day last fall and bought a desirable ring. ‘ As the winter was passing away and thoughts of the spring work on the farm began to loom up in this youn;=~ swain’s mind. he thought best to marry as soon as the law would allow, rather than court another summer, realizing that every night spent courting would make him quite unfit for farm labor the next day. He told all this to his be- trothed, and finally she agreed that on or shortly after her eighteenth birth- day she and he would become one. She dropped an occasional hint to that effect to her family, but they thought better to wait at least another year. Notwithstanding, she promised her in- tended that she would do as he wished. Then there came a rupture between the young man and his fian- cee’s family, they sending hima letter, which read: “Mr. —— My husband joins with me in positively forbidding you to darken our doors again and addressing our daughter Mabel. Signed, Mrs.———.” In a few days the young lady was sent to visit her 'uncle in North Stam- ford. On the day that she and every one else supposed to be her birthday, February 18, the young man drove to the uncle’s home to take his girl and that evening be married. But some officious person went to the girl’s fa- ther, and, to exact, told the parent that he was about to tell him something ' and to understand him opposite to what he said, which was: “Mr. has not gone after your daughter.” While the young couple were talking matters over, who should drive up but‘the fa- ther. After making a. few uncompli- mentary remarks to the young man, he without further ceremony ordered the girl to come home with him, which she . did. On arriving home, she says the other members of her family made it. so un- pleasant for her that she went to a neighbor’s and met her intended. But later her father again came and took her away, saying that if she did not come home her mother would be crazy, but people who :were at the parent’s home claim that the mother was not the least excited. The father said that the girl would not be eighteen until Feb. 23. This was contrary to What she had been brought up to believe was her birthday.’ She has held birthday parties all on the 18th of February; and those who claim to have been there say it was Feb. 18. Never until this year was the date disputed, and the townspeople laugh uproariously. The young man made an attempt to get his girl on Wednesday, the 23d, but again failed. Her people are keeping her well housed, but he does not de- spair. .Public sentiment is all with the unlucky couple. Several have tried to arbitrate the matter, bpt_have failed. The young man declares that he will see the case, through and carry it to the county courts if necessary. Reindeer on: for Klondike. New York, March 2.—On a, spe- train that left over the cial - Pennsylvania Railroad last night for the .Klondike were the 537 reindeer which arrived here on the steamship Manitoba. from Lapland. Accompany- ing the reindeer as caretakers were 113 Laplanders, Finns and Norwegians. Special arrangements for the transpor- tation of thlslarge consignment of reindeer were made with the railroad by the Government. The route over which the special train will’ travel will be the Pennsylvania to Chicago, Chica- go, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad to St. Paul and the Great Northern to Se- . attle. From Seattle the reindeer will be shipped by steamer to Alaska. Now that the Government has aban~ doned the idea of a reliéf expedition, it is more than likely that the oufit will be disposed of at Seattle or some place in the Yukon country, where much bet- ter prices can be obtained for the rein- deer than elsewhere. Baseball League in Session. St. Louis, March 2.——The National Baseball League met at the Southern Hotel yesterday morning at 10.30, six- teen members being present. The ses- sion was executive and held in the pri- vate par-lei? of President Young. At noon they adjourned, after listening to the reports of the several committees on railways, rules, telegraph, press, &c., which were received and filed. The afternoon session was devoted to the discussion of the suppression of rowdy»: lSll‘l. . Indians to Aid Cuba. Athens, Ga, March 2.—The Cubans are to have the aid of Apache Indians in their war against Spain. A band of the Indians thirty-two stronghas passed through this place on their way to join an expedition. They are mounted, in full war paint and under command of a chief. They left the reservation‘four months ago. They travel only by .night to avoid Spanish agents. NEWS IN BRIEF. Seven lives were lost in a tenement house fire at Charleston, S. C., Satur- day morning. A cable dispatch from Madrid says a ministerial statement declares that there is no fear of complications with the United States. Dr. Charles E. Brigham made a com- plete excision of a woman’s stomach in 1 hospital at San Francisco, Cal. The patient is doing well. Mr. Edslon announced that he has dis- nwered a process by which [gold can be :xtructed from ore without water, and that great wealth heretofore beyond suntan reach, will be made available. Six men were killed and ten fatally l'lj‘ii'l'ed by an explosion in the Hall ‘lz-emical Works at..Kalamazoo on Sat- urday night. There were two explo- urns, causing the building to collapse, I few minutes after midnight, and )Ul‘ylllg a score of firemen and many zpectators. n J. Belden liurlbutt, lttumey all Counsellor at Law Room 4, up stairs, GAZETTE BUILDING. HENRY TILLY. CARRIAGE MAKER S 0 UTE N OR WALK’, CONN —-Msnufacture to f— I‘amilv Carriages. Iictunaslunies u ALL KINDS or REPAIRING. o. A. FRANKIE. THE HAIR CUTTER ‘No. i. Gazette Building, Norwalk 801‘ I no corn BA' a. takes out ink, paint, tar, pitch, grease ‘ and "stains from clothing and car- completcly and Essa-eavezafls. —No Acid.— 100., 256.. at Drug No unpleasant odor. and Dry Goods Stores Not inflammable. Samples mailed, 5c. L B. SUTTON, New Canaan, Ct. Sold by FINNEY &. BENEDICT. J. c.1vRWKIRK. -:- 'ENTIET -I- Dentistry performed in all branches. Gold and Porcelain Crowns inserted. Gas administered to: the Painless extrso ' of Teeth. Apporntments can be made by m . .OFEIGE—Le W18 Street. near the Congress- tional Church, Norwalk, Conn. man Union Avenue, north of Uni Cemtery Nor-walk. Conn. Dealer in Greg-r. House HotHouseand Bedding and Vege- tsblePlants._Fru1t and Ornaments] Trees~ Shubbery. Vines, Cut. Flowers. always qin hand,andall sorts of designs in flowers at. ranged to order. WGradiiigsnd refillingcemetery ots at ended to. . ETNA INSRUANCE 00., oi’ Hartford Incorporated 1812. Charter Perpetua Capital and Assets, 08.902.272.84. Insures sgsinstlosssnddsmsgeb FIRE on terms adapted to the hazard audionsistent With thelsws ofcom‘pensationt CO LES & MERRILL. SoleagentaforNorwalk sndvicinitv ADAMS EXPRESS COMPANY Low Rates. Prompt Deliver) lz‘rscnh Office. Norwalk,'st Morris In t dict Main Oi‘fice.depot.South Norwalk, L. HUNT.Agent. The Nowell Flre Insurance Ge Has now Completed ta 2. 32d SUCCESSFUL BUSINESS YEAR; And has not_outstanding a. dollar of unpsi losses or claim for losses. .No soun com pant, insures for less A. G. McIlwslne.Pres..G. B. St. John Nice-Pr F. E.Shsw. Sec. Geo. B. Cowfis, Resident S 100 TONS livercd, 5000 Bushels Fancy Clip- ped Oats, 800 per bag. VCar load choice Bran at 800 per bag, Cream White Middo at 90c per bag. And other goods at pro- portionately low prices at Raymund Bms. SOUTH NORWALK. ” t . WYII FOB. k Will I i W l ' '7/56‘ VERY member of EVERY family on EVERY.farm, in EVERY village, EVERY State or Territory. R i' d L cation, FOR Noble Manhood, FOR True Womanhood.'. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX T GIVES al' important news of the Nation. T CIVES all important news of the World. IT GIVES the most reliable market reports. iT GVES bril'iant and instructive editorials. IT GIVES fascinating short stories. IT G'VES an unercelled agricultural departmen IT GIVES scleot‘hc and mechanical information, IT GIVES i”: uswaied ta ~2hion articles, IT GIVES humorc- Is illustrations. _ ’ IT GIVES entertainment to young and old. IT GIVES Satisfaction everywhere to everyboy. We furnish The Weekly Gazette and New Yor Weekly Tribune (both papers), CA SB IN. 70m: YEAR FOR ONLY slot). on... ADDRESS ALL ORDERS T0 '|' E GAZETTE, Norwalk, nn' Write your name and addressf on a postal «and, send it to 000. W. Beshnob cibnno Building, new In). City. and a trample com of THE NEW YORK Wflwa‘TBIBUNE will be mailed to you ETER 1.. GUIGUEJIOtzst sndNurssm Good Hay at $14.00, de- '