LKf GA ZETTE J.— PUBLISHED A: H. BYINGTON & (30., a AT TWO DOLLARS PER ANNUM, IN ADVANCE, ":2 NUMBER 779--NEW SERIES, ITORIKALE GAZETTE. OFFICE IN GAZETTE BUILDING. aEIBYINGTorv & co. A. ll. BYINGTON, J. B. ELLs, G. N. ELLs, Subscription Rates . All Subscribers by Carrier, Mail, Post Riders Wagoners, per year Those living out of any Carrier’s District, if paid one year in advance, Clubs of six or more sent to one address, to be paid in advance, Single copies 4 cents. and 2 00 1 50 1 50 Advertising Rates. One Square, one insertion, “ two insertions, three insertions, one month, two months, three months, six months, one year—with paper Two S uares, one year—With paper, Each a ditional Square, per year, One half column, one year, One Column, one year, ‘ _ Fifteen lines, or 100 \vords,make a square. I: ractiou- a1 arts of a square churned for as a whole. _ Year ' advertisers have the privilege of changing their advertisements once per month. _A(IVCI‘EISC- meats chanced oftener charged as transient. Yearly advertisements payable lst of January It. July. 'Yenrly advertisers restricted to the business contem- plated nt the time of contract. _ Cards, Resolutions, Funeral and all otherSpecml No- tices, 25 per cent. additional on the above. 33'” These terms will be inflexibly adhered to._& 90 ' coccioiqsxsouutaw .1 O O u u OOOOU‘CU‘O .TIA ISH aggoooonmwo GTORY I \,«_/~ . 3113111335-. 91.33.-- - Norwalk rust Oflice. MAILS CLOSE. West 7.30 A. M.—-—2.30 P. M. East 8.30 A. M.—5.00 P. M. Da'nbury & Norwalk Railroad 8.50 A. M. Weston, Bedding and Bedding Ridge, Tues- days, Thursdays and Saturdays, at 12 M. MAILS DUE. West 9.10 A. M.-—6.CC P. M. East 8.20 A. M.—-3.30 P. M. Danbury & Norwalk Railroad 8.00 A. M. POST OFFICE nouns. From 7.00 A. M. to 8.00 P. M. CHARLES OLMSTEAD, P. M. x. C N. A. MOSMAN, m. n, Homoeopathic Physician and Surgeon, Office over C. J. Grumun’s Store, NORWALK, CONN. Office hours from 1 to 3 P. M. ‘ Dr. J. J. WALLACE, HOMOLEOPATIIIST, Office at Dr. Moody’s late Residence, WEST AVENUE, ; NOR WALK, CONN. Slate at Mr. Frank Nash’s Store, South Norwalk. New HARDWARE 8!. PAINT STORE, M a i n S t r e e t, Opposite I. H. Campell’s Confectionery, MARVIN & Paowrrr, Wholesale and retail Dealers in HardWare, Cutlery, Paints, Oils, Glass, Paper Hang- ings, Window Shades, &c. JAMES G. HARBOUR, SURGICAL AND MECHANICAL D E N 'I.‘ I S '1‘, Office at Residence, East Avenue, Norwalk, Connecticut. Architecture. SIDNEY M. STONE, ARCHITECT, Will furnish Plans, Specifications, Detail Drawings, and superintend the erection of public and private buildings. Ofiice in Mar- ble Block, Chapel-st, New Haven, Ct. tf52 E0. F. BELDEN, Norwalk, Conn.,Man- ufacturer of Tin, Copper, and Sheet Iron Ware; and dealer in Stoves, Ranges, Furnaces, Cutlery, Brittanm'a, Wooden and ,Willow Ware, Crockery; and a full assort- ment of House Keeping articles generally. a. s. Locnwoon, Fashionable Draper & Tailor, and GENTLEMEN’S FURNISHING EMPOBIUM .'. No. 3 Skiddy’s Block, Main-st, Norwalk, Ct S. E. OIIMSTIIAD OHIO" Wholesale and Retail Dealers in Groceries, Flour, Feed, &c., 14 and 16 Main-st, Norwalk, Conn. ETNA INSURANCE COMPANY, Of Hartford. Incorporated in 1819, Charter Perpetual. Gash Capital $1,000,000 Insure against loss and damage by Fire on Terms adapted to the hazard,and consistent with the laws of compensation. GEORGE R. COWLES, Sole Agent US For Norwalk and vicinity. DENTAL cm. AN impression having gone abroad that the undersigned has relinquished his profession, this is to. inform his friends and the public that he still continues the practice of his profession at his 011 stand, foot of Main-st., Norwalk, where he will be happy In case Of temporary absence,a skillful assistant will be found in attendance at the Office, ready and to tender them his best services. willing to serve all that may call. A. HILL, D. D. S. A. JACKSON 61. 330. No. 1 Gazette Building. ‘V OULD respectfully announce to the public and their old customers, that they have recently made extensive additions W e are now proper- ed to offer an assortment not to be surpassed We would call particular attention to our stock of Watches, which is larger than ever before.— We have a fine lot Of Ladies’ Swiss Watches, in gold cases, at prices varying from $20 to $75, which we can recommend as being cor- Also, Gentlcmcn’s W ateli- es, in silver and gold cases, at any price from $5 to $-00. We buy of the best importers in New York, and altogether for cash, so that our facilities for selling cheap could not be Our stock of" Jewelry, Silver and later. Wares was never better than at pres- ent, and comprises all of the latest styles that to their stock of goods. in Fairfield County, in quality or price. rect time keepers. renter. .are manufactured. A. JACKSON & BRO. - ISH POLES, Traveling Baskets, Clothe Also Wooden Baskets, Work Baskets. ‘Warc in general, at C. & E. K. LOCKIVOOD 3.7 CO. t, 00D, ull lengths, at s. E. OLMSTEAD President’s Message. Fellow-citizens of tire of Representatives: Since your last annual assembling, another year of health and bountiful liar- vest lias passed, and while it has not pleased the Almighty to bless us with a return of peace we can but press on, guided by the best light he gives us, trusting that, in his own good time and way, all will he well. The cOrrespondence touching foreign affairs, which has taken place during the last year, is herewith submitted in vir- tual compliance with a. request to that effect made by the House of Representa- tives near the close of the. last session of Congress. Senate and Ifou-se. FOREIGN RELATIONS. If the condition of our relations with other nations is less gratifying than it has usually been at former periods, it is certainly more satisfactory than a nation so uuhappily distracted as we are, might reasonably have apprehended. In the mouth of June last, there were some grounds to expect that the Mari- time Powers wuich, at the beginning of our domestic difficulties, so universally and unnecessary, as we think, recognized the insurgents as beligerents, would soon recede from that position which has proved only less injurious to themselves than to our country. But the temporary reverses which afterwards befcll the na- tional arms, and which were exaggerated by own disloyal citizens abroad, have hitherto delayed that act of shnplejustice. The civil war which has so radically changed, for the moment, the occupation and habits of the American people, has necessarily disturbed the social conditions and affected very deeply the prosperity of the nations with which we have car- ried on a commerce that has been stead- ily increasing throughout a period Of half a century. It has at the same time ex- cited political ambitions and apprehen- sions which have produced a profound agitation throughout the civilized world. In this unusual agitation we have fore- borne from taking part in any contro- versy between foreign states and between parties or ‘factious in such states. We have attempted no propogaudism, and acknowledged no revolution. have left to every nation the exclusive cOuduct and management of its own affairs. Our struggle has been of course con- templated by foreign nations with refer- euce less to its own merits than to its supposed and often exaggerated effects, and the consequence resulted to those nations themselves; nevertheless com- plaint on the part of this Government, even if it were just, would certainly be unwise. The treaty with Great Britain for the suppression of the American Slave trade has been put into operation with a good prospect Of complete success. It is an occasion of special pleasure to acknowl- edge that the execution Of it on the part of her Magesty’s government, has been marked with a jealous respect for the au- thority of the United States, and the rights of their moral and loyal citizens. The convention with Hanover for the abolition of the Stadt Dues, has been carried into full effect. A blockade of 3,000 miles of sea coast could not be established and vigorously enforced in a season of great commercial activity like the present without commit- ting occasional mistakes, and inflicting unintentional injuries upon foreign na- tions and their subjects. A civil war ac- cruing in a country where foreigners re- side and carry on trade under treaty stipulations, is necessarily fruitful of com- plaints of the violation of neutral rights. All such collisions tend to excite misap- prehensious, and possibly to produce mu- tual reclamations between nations which have a common interest in preserving peace and friendship. In clear cases of this kind, I have so far as p05sible, heard and redresscd com- plaints which have been presented by friendly powers; there is, however, a large and augmenting number of doubtful cases, upon which the Government is unable to agree with the governments whose pro- tection is demanded by the claimants.— Thcre are, moreover, many cases in which the United States ‘or their citizens suffer wrongs from the naval and military au- thorities of foreign nations, which the go- vernments of those States are not at once prepared to redress. I have proposed to some of the foreign States thus interested mutual conventions to examine and ad- just such complaints. This proposition has been made especially to Great Brit- ain, to France, to Spain, and to Prussia. In each case it has been kindly received, but has not yet been formally adopted. I deem it my duty to recommend an appropriation in behalf of the owners of the Norwegian bark Admiral P. Tor- dens Rivla, ,whlch vessel was, in May, 1861, prevented by the commander of the blockading fleet ofi' Charleston from leaving that port with cargo, notwitlr standing .1 similar privilege had shortly before been granted to an English vessel. I have directed the Secretary of State to cause the papers in the case to be com- municated to the proper Committee. AFRICAN COLONIZATION. "‘ Applications have been made to me by many free Americans Of African dc- scent to favor their emigration, with a view to such colonization as was contem- plated in recent acts Of Congress. Other parties at home and abroad, some from interested motives, others up- on patriotic considerations, aud still oth- ers influenced by philanthropic sentiments, have suggested similar means, while on the other hand several of the Spanish American republics have protested against the sending of such colonies to their re- Spcctive territories. Under these circumstances, I have de- clined to move any such colony to any other country without the full and free consent Of' its government, with an agree- ment on its part to receive and protect such emigrants in all their rights of free- men, and I have at the same time offered to the several states situated in the trop- ics or having colonies there to negotiate with them, subject to the advice and con- sent of the Senate, to favor the voluntary emigration of persons of that class to their rCSpectivc territories upon condi- tions which shall be equal, just, and humane. & CO'S Wood Yard, for sale low. countries to which colonists of African descent from here could go with the cer- tainty of being received and adopted as citizens, and I regret to say that such persons contemplating colonization do not seem so willing to emigrate to these coun- tries as tO some others, nor as willing as I. think their interests demand. I be- lieve, however, the opinion among them in this respect is improving, and that ere long there will be an augmented and con- siderable emigration to both these coun- tries from the United States. TREATIES MADE . The new commercial treaty between the United States and the Sultan of Tur- key lias been carried into execution. A commercial and consular fymty has been negotiated with Liberia, and a similar: negotiation is now pending with the re- public of Hayti. A considerable im- provement Of the national commerce is expected to result from these measures. Our relations with Great Britain, France, Spain, Portugal, Russia, Prussia, Denmark, Sweden, and Austria, the Neth- erlands, Italy, Rome, and the other Eu- ropean states remains undisturbed. Very favorable relations also continue to be maintained with Turkey, Morocco, China and Japan. During the last year, there has not only been no change of our pre- vious relations with the independent states of our own continent, but more friendly sentiments than have heretofore existed, are believed to be entertained by these neighbors, whose safety and progress are so intimately connected with our own.— This statement especially applies to Mex- ico, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Peru and Chili. The commission under the convention with Republic of New Grenada, closed its session without having audited and passed upon all the claims which were so itted to it. A proposition is end- ing to revive the convention that it may be able to do more complete justice. The commission between the United States and the Republics of Costa Rice, has completed its labors and submitted its report. 0N ATLANTIC nun PACIFIC TELEGRAPHS. I have favored the project for connect- ing the United States with Europe by an Atlantic telegraph, and a. similar pro- Bllt We ject to extend the telegraph from San Francisco, to connect by a Pacific tele- graph with the wire which is being ex- tended across the Russian Empire. TH E TERRITORIES . The territories of the United States, with unimportant exceptions, have re mained undisturbed by the civil War, and they are exhibiting such evidence of pros— perity as justifies an expectation that some of them will soon be in a condition to be organian as States and be consti- tutionally admitted into the Federal Union. The immense mineral resources of some of these territories ought to be developed as rapidly as possible. Every step in that direction would have a ten- dency to improve the revenues of the Go- vernment and diminish the burdens of the people. It is worthy of your serious con- sideration whether some extraordinary measures‘to promote that end cannot be adopted. The means which suggests it- self as most likely to be effective is a scientific exploration of the mineral re- gions in these territories, with a view to publication Of its results at home and in foreign countries, results which cannot fail to be auspicious. THE FINANCIAL QUESTIONS. The condition of the finances will claim your most diligent consideration. The vast expenditures incident to the military and naval operations required for the sup- pression of the rebellion, have hitherto been met with a promptitude and cer- tainty unusual in similar circumstances, and the public credit has been duly main- tained. The continuance of the war and the increased disbursement made neces- sary by the augmented forces now in the field, demands your best reflections as to the best modes of providing the neces- sary revenue without injury to business, and with the least possible burdens upon labor. The suspension of specie payments by the banks, soon after the commencement of your last session, made large issues of United States notes unavoidable. In no other way could the payment of the troops and the satisfaction of other just demands be so economically or as well provided for. The judicious legislation of Congress securing the receivability of these notes for loans and internal duties, and making them a legal tender for other debts, has made them universal currency, and has satisfied, partially at least, and for the time, the long felt want of an uniform circulating medium, saving thereby to the people immense sums in discounts and exchanges. A return to specie payments, howaver, at the earliest period compatible, with due regard to all interests, should ever be kept in view. Convertibility, prompt and certain convertibility into coin, is generally acknowledged to be the best and surest safeguard against these fluc- tuations, and it is exxremely doubtful whethera circulation of United States notes payable in coin and sufficiently large for the wants of people, cfin be per- manently, usefully and safely maintained. Is there, then, any other mode in which the necessary provision for the public wants can be made, and the great advan- tages of a safe and uniform currency se- cured? I know of none which promises so certain results, and at the same time so unobjectionable, as the organization Of bank associations under a general act of Congress, well guarded in its provisions. In such associations the government might furnish circulation notes on the se- curity of United States bonds deposited in the treasury. These notes, prepared under the supervision of proper Officers, being uniform in appearance and security, and convertible always into coin, would at onee protect labor against the evils of a vicious currency, and facilitate com- merce by cheaper and safe exchanges. A moderate reSOrvatiou from the interest on the bonds would compensate the Uni- ted States for the preparation and dis, tributiou of the notes and a general so pervision of the system, and would lighten the burden of that part Of the public debt employed as securities. The public credit, moreover, would be greatly improved, and the negotiation of new loans greatly facilitated, by the ‘ N ORWALK, C ONN., TUESDAY, DECEMBER 9, 1862. 5: VOLUME XLV—-NUMBER 49. bonds, which the adeption of the pro- posed system would create. It is an ad- ditional recommendation of the measure of considerable weight, in my judgment, that it Would reconcile, as far as possible, all existing interests by the opportunity offered to existing institutions to reor- ganize under the act substituting only the secure, uniform, national circulation, for the local and various circulation. se- cured aiid unsecured, now issued by them. STATE OF THE TREASURY. The receipts into the treasury from all sources, including loans and balance from the preceding year, for tho llssul year ending on the 30th of June, 1862, were $583,835,24606, of which sum $49,056,- 397.62 were derived from customs, $1,- 795,331.73 from the direct tax, from public lands $152,203.77, from miscella- neous sources $931,787.64, from loans in all forms $529,692,46050. The remain- der, $2,257,065.80, was the balance from last year. The disbursements during the same pe- riod were—for congressional, executive, and judicial purposes, $5,939,009.29; for foreign intercourse, $1,339,710.35; for miscellaneous expenses, including the mints, loans, post office deficiencies, col- lection of revenue, and other like charges, $4,129,771.50 ; for expenses under the interior department, $3,102,985.52 ; un- der the war department, $394,368,407.- 36; under the navy department, $42,- 674,56969; for interest on the public debt, $13,190,324.45, and for the pay- ment of the public debt, including reim- bursements of temporary loan, and re- demptious, $96,096,922.09; making an aggregate of $570,841,700.25, and leav~ ing a balance in the treasury on the lst of July, 1862, of $13,043,546.81. It should be observed that the sum of $96,096,92209 expended for reimburse-- ments and redemption of the public debt being included also in the loans made. may be preperly deducted both from the receipts and expenditures, leaving the actual receipts for the year $487,788,- 324.97, and the expenditures $474,744,- 788.l6. Other information on the sub- ject of the finances will be found in the report of the Secretary of file Treasury, to whose Statement and reviews I invite your most candid and considerate atten- tion. ARMY AND NAVY REPORTS. The reports of the Secretaries of the Navy and War are herewith transmitted. These reports though lengthy are scarcely more than brief abstracts of the very nu- merous and extensive transactions and operations conducted through these de- partments, nor could I give a summary of them here on any principle which would admit of its being much shorter than the reports themselves. I therefore content myself with laying the reports before you and asking your attention to them. THE POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT. It gives me pleasure to report a deci- ded improvement in the financial condi- tion of the post ofiice department, as compared with several proceeding years. The receipts for the fiscal year 1861, amounted to $8,349,296.40, which em- braced the revenue from all the states of the Union for three-quarters of that year. Notwithstanding the cessflu of revenue from the so-called secede states during the last fiscal year, the increase of the correspondence of the loyal states has been sufficient to produce a revenue dur- ing the same year of $8,299,820. 90, be- ing only $50,000 less than was derived from all the states of the Union during the previous year. The expenditures show a still more favorable result. The amount expended in 1861, was $13,606,- 75911. For the last year the amount has been reduced to $11,125,364 13, showing a decrease of about $2,481,000 in the expenditures as compared with the preceediug year; about $3,750,000 as compared wsth the fiscal year 1860. The deficiency in the department for the previous year was $2,112,813. These favorable results are in part owing to the cessation of mail service in the insurrec- tionary states, and in part to a casual re- view of all expenditures in that depart- ment, in the interest of economy. The efficiency of the postal service, it is believ- ed, has also been much improved. The Post-Master General also opened a cor- respondence through the Department of the State with foreign govoruments, pro- posing a convention of postal representa- tives for the purpose of slmplyfyiug the rates of foreign postage, and to expedite the foreign mails. The proposition, equally important to our adepted citizens and to the commer- cial interest in the country, has been fa.- vo rably entertained and agreed to by all governments from whom replies have been received. I ask the attention of Con- gress to the suggestion of the Postmaster General. in his report respecting the fur- ther legislation required in his opinion, for the benefit of the postal service. THE PUBLIC LANDS. The Secretary of the Interior reports as follows, in regard to the public lands: The public lands have ceased to be a source of revenue. From the. first of J u- ly, 1861, to the 30th of Sept. 1862, the entire cash receipts from the sale of lands will reach $127,476,26, a sum much less than the expense of our land system, dur- ing the same period. The Homestead Law which will take effect on the lat of J auuary next, offers such inducements to settlers that sales for cash, cannot be ex- pected to an extent sufficient to meet the expenses of the General Land Offices, and the cost of surveying and bringing the land into market. The discrepancy between the sums here stated as arising from sales of public lands, and the sums derived from the same source as reported from the Treasury Department, arises, as I understand, from the fact that the peri- ods of time, though apparently, were not really coincident at the beginning point. The Treasury report, including a consid- erable sum now which had previously been reported from the interior, sufiicient~ ly large to greatly overreach the sum de- rived from the three months now report- ed upon by the interior, and not by the treasury. THE mom: TROUBLES. The Indian tribes upon our frontiers have, during the past year, manifested a spirit of insubordination, ,and at several points have engaged in Open hostilities against the white settlements in their bonds. The tribes occupying the Idniau country south of Kansas, renounced their Liberia and Hayti are as yet the only ~~ . mug“; LL...'.. ‘ e steady market demand for government allegiance to the United States, and en. tered into treaties with the insurgents.— Those who remainedloyal to the United States were driven from the country.— The Chief of the Cherokees has visited this city for the purpose of restoring the former relations of the tribe with the U. S. He alleges that they were constrain. ed by superion force to enter into treaties with the insurgents, and that the United States neglected to furnish the protection winch their treaty stipulations required. In the month Of August last, the Sioux Indians, in Minnesota, attacked the set- tlements in their vicinity, with extreme ferocity, killing men, women and children. This attack was wholly unexpected, and therefore no means of defence had been provided. It is estimated that not less than 800 persons were killed by the In- dians, and a large amount of property was destroyed. How this out-break was induced is not definitely known, and sus- picions which may be unjust need not be stated. Information was received by the Indian Bureau, from difi‘erent sources, about the time hostilities were commenced that a simultaneous attack was to be made upon the white settlement by all the tribes between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains. The State of Minnesota. has suffered great injury from this Indian war. A large portion of her territory has been depopulated, and a severe loss has been supplied by the de- struction of property. The people of that State manifest much anxiety for the re- moval of the tribes beyond the limits of the State, as a guarantee agaiuts further hostilities. The Commissioner of Indian Affairs will furnish full details. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. I submit a statement of the proceed- ings of the commissioners which shows the progress that has been made in the enter- prise of constructing the Pacific Railroad, and this suggests the earliest completion of the road, and also the favorable action of Congress upon the projects now pend- ing before them for enlarging the capaci- ty of the great canals in New York and Illinois, as being of vital and rapidly in- creasing importance to the whole nation and especially to the vast interior region hereinafter to be noticed at some greater length. I propose having prepared and laid before you at an early day some in- teresting and valuable statistical informa- tion upon this subject. The military and commercial importance of enlarging the Illinois and Michigan canal and improv- ing the Illinois river, is presented in the report of Col. Webster to the Secretary of War, and now transmitted to Con- gress. I respectfully ask attention to it. THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. To carry out the provisions of the a‘ct‘. Congress of the 15th of May last, I have caused the department of Agriculture of the United States to be organized. The commissioner informs me that within the period of a few months this department has established an extensive system of correspondence and exchanges both at home and abroad, which promises to af- fect highly beneficial results in the devel- opment of' a correct knowledge of recent improvements in agriculture, in the intro- duction of new products and in the col- lection of the agricultural statistics of the different states ; also, that it will soon be prepared to distribute largely seeds, ce- reals,'plants and cuttings, and has already published and liberally diffused much val- uable information in anticipation of a more elaborate report which will in due time be furnished, embracing some valu- able tests in chemical science now in pro- gress in the labratory. The creation of this debt was for the more immediate benefit of a large class of our most value- ble citizens, and I trust that the liberal basis upon which it has been organized will not only meet your approbation, but that it will realize at no distant day all the foudest approbatious of its most san- guine friends, and become the fruitful source of advantage to all our people. COMPENSATED EMANCIPATION. On the 22d day of September last, a. proclamation was issued bythe Executive, 9. copy of which is herewith submitted.— In accordance with the purpose expressed in the second paragraph of that, I now respectfully call your attention to what may be called “compensated emancipa- tion.” A nation may be said to consist of its territory, its people, and its laws ; the territory is the Only part which is of certain durability. " One generation passeth away and another generation cometh, but the earth abideth forever.” ‘It is of the first importance to duty to consider and estimate this ever-enduring part. That portion of the earth’s surface which is owned and inhabited by the peo- ple of the United States, is well adapted to be the home of one national family and it is not well adapted for two or more.— Its vast extent and its variety of cli- mate and productions are of advantage in this age, for one people, whatever they might have been in former ages. Steam and telegraphic intelligence have brought these to be an advantageous combination for one united people. In the inaugural address, I briefly pointed out the total inadequacy of disuniou as a remedy for the differences between the people of the two sections. I did so in language which I cannot improve, and which therefore I beg to repeat : “ One section of our country believes slavery is right and ought to be extended, while the other believes It is wrong and ought not to be extended. This is the only substantial dispute. The fugitive slave clause of the constitution and the law. for the suppression of the African slave trade, are each as well enforced per- haps as any laws can ever be, in a com- munity where the moral sense of the peo- ple imperfectly supports the law itself.— The great body of the people abide by the ordinary legal obligations in both ca- ses, and a few break over in each. This, I think, cannot be perfectly cured, and it would be worse in both cases after the separation of the sections than before.— The foreign slave trade, now imperfectly suppressed, would be ultimately revived without restriction in one section, while fugitive slaves, now only partially sur- rendered, would not be surrendered at all by the other. Physically speaking, we cannot separate ; we cannot remove our respective sections from each other, nor build an impassable wall between them. A husband and wife may be divorced and go out of the presence and beyond the reach of each other, but the different parts of our country cannot do this.— They cannot but remain face to face, and A‘x .- 3,“ ,.....-.., I intercourse either amicable or hostile, must continue between them. Is it pos- sible, then, to make that intercourse more advantageous or more satisfactory after separation than before? Can aliens make treaties easier than friends can make laws? Can treaties be more faithfully enforced between aliens than laws can' among friends? Suppose you go to war, you cannot fight always, and when, after much loss on both sides and no gain on either, you cease fighting, the identical old ques- tions as to terms of intercourse are again upon you.” DISUNION PBYSICALLY IMPOSSIBLE. There is no line, straight or crook, suit- able for a national boundary upon which to divide. Trace through from east to west upon the line between the free and more than one.tliird of its length and riv- ers easy to be crossed, and populated, or soon to be populated, thickly upon both sides ; while nearly all its remaining length are merely surveyers’ lines, over which people may walk back and forth without any consciousness of their presence. No part of this line can be made difficult to pass by writing it down on paper or parch- ment, as a. national boundary. The fact of separation, if it comes, gives up on the part of the seceding section the fugitive slave clause along with all:other constitu- tional obligations, upon the section seced- ed from, while I should expect no treaty stipulation would ever be made to take its place. But there is another difficulty. The great interior region, bounded east by the Alleghanies, north by the British dominions, west by the Rocky Mountains and south by the line along which the culture of corn and cotton meets, and which includes a part of Virginia, a part of Tennessee, all of Kentucky, Ohio, In- diana, Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Iowa, Minnesota, the territories of Dakotah, Nebraska, and part of Colorado, has above ten millions of people, and will have fifty millions within fifty years, if not prevented by any political folly or mistake. It contains more than one-third of' the country owned by the United States ; certainly more than one million of square miles. One- hnlf as populous as Massachusetts alrea is, it would have more than 75,000,0 of people. A glance at the map shows that, territorially speaking, it is the great body of the republic. The other parts are but marginal borders to it, the mag- nificent land, sloping west from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacifiic, being the deep- estaud also the richest in undeveloped re- sources, in the production of provisions, grains, grasses, and all like products.— This great interior region is naturally one of the most important in the world. Ascertain from the statisticts the small proportion of the region which has not yet been brought into cultivation, and al- so the large and rapidly increasing amount of its products, and we shall be over- whelmed with the magnitude of th os- pect presented. And this region ha no sea coast, touches no ocean anywhere.— As a part of one nation, its people, now find and may forever find their way to Eu- rore by New York to South America, and Africa by New Orleans, and to Asia by San Francisco; but separate our com- mon country into two nations as designed by the present rebellion, and every man of this great interior region is thereby cut off from some one or more of these outlets -—not, perhaps, by aphysical barrier, but by embarrassing trade regulations, and this is true wherever a dividing or bound- ary line may be fixed ; place it between the free and slave country, or place it south Of' Kentucky or north of the Ohio, and still the truth remains that none north of it can trade to any port or place south of it except upon terms dictated by a gov- ernment foreign to them. These outlets, east, west and south, are indispensable to the wellbeing of the people inhabiting and to inhabit this vast region. All are better than either, and all of right belong to.that people and to their successors for- ever. True to themselves, they will not ask where a line of separation shall be, but'ill vow, rather, that there shall be no such line. Nor are the marginal re- gions less interested in these communica- tions to and through them to the great outside world. They, too, and each of them, must have access to this Egypt of the West, without paying toll at the crossing of any national boundary. Our national strife Springs not from our per- manent part—not from the land we in- habit—not from Our untionalhomesteads. There is no possible severing of this but would multiply and not mitigate evils among us. . In all its adoptions and apti- tudes, it demands Union and abhors sep- aration. In fact it would ere long force reunion, however much of blood andntreas- are the separation might have cost. Our strife pertains to ourselves, to the passing generation of men, and it cannot, without convulsion, be hushed forever with the passing of one generation. CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS PROPOSED. In this view I recommend the adoption of the following resolution and articles amendatory to the constitution of the United States : “Resolved, by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, two-thirds of both houses concurring : that the fol- lowing articles be proposed to the legis- latures or conventions of the severalstates as amendments to the constitution of the United States, all or any of which articles, when ratified by three-fourths of the said legislatures or conventions, to be valid as part or parts of the said con. stitution, viz: ARTICLE—Every state, wherein slavery now exists, which shall abolish the same therein at any time or times before the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred, shall receive compensation from the United States as follows, to wit : The President of the United States shall deliver to every such state bonds of the United States, bearing interest at the rate of , for each slave shown to have been therein by the eighth census of the United States, said bonds to be delivered to such state by instalments in one parcel at the com. pletion Of the abolishment, accordingly as the same shall: have been gradual or at one time within such state, and inter- est shall begin to run upon such bond on- ly from theproper time of its delivery, as aforesaid, and afterwards introducing or tolerating slavery therein, shall refund to to the United States the bonds so receiv- l ,.:.-rfs...,.....»,...«s.»w. . .n.-.;.-.:'-;r.;r'.«;w:n slave country, and we shall find a little , ed or the value thereof and all interest paid thereon. ARTICLE—All slaves who shall have enjoyed autual freedom by the chances of the war at any time before the end of the rebellion, shall be forever free; but all owners of such slaves who shall not have been disloynl, shall be compensated for them at the some rates as is provided for states adopting the abolishment of slavery, but in such a way that no slave shall be twice accounted for ARTICLE—Congress may appropriate moneys not otherwise provided, for col- onizing free colored persons, with their own consent, at any place or places with. out the United States,” THE PROPOSITION DISCUSSED, SLAVERY THE CAUSE OF THE FEBELLION. I beg indulgence to discuss these pro- posed articles at some length. Without slavery the rebellion never could have ex- isted ; without slavery it could not con- tinue. Among the friends of the Union there is a great diversity of sentiment and Of policy in regard to slavery, and the African race amongst us. Some would abolish it without compensation and some would abolish it gmdually and with com- pensation. Some would remove the freed people from us, and some would retain them with us, and there are yet other mi- nor diversities of opinion. Because of these diversities, we waste much strength inzstruggles among ourselves. We should harmonize and act together. This would. be a compromise among the friends and not with the enemies of the Union. These articles are intended to embody a plan of such mutual concessions. If the. plan shall be adopted, it is assumed that emancipation will follow, at -least in sev- eral of the States. As to the first article the main points are : First—the emanci- pation ; secondly—the length of time for cousumating, 37 years ; and thirdly—aha compensation. The emancipation Will be unsatisfactory to the advocates of per- petual slavery, but the length of time should greatly mitigate their dissatisfac- tion. The time spares both races from the evils of sudden derangement, while most of those whose habitual course of thought will be disturbed by the meas- ure will have passed away before its con. snmation. They will never see it. Another class will hail the prospect of emancipation, int will deprecate the length of time. ’1‘"; -;. will feel that it gives too little to the L‘IW living slaves. But it really gives them :hlinh. It saves them from the vagrant destination which must largely attend immediate emanci- pation in localities, where their numbers are very great, and it gives the inspiring assurance that their posterity shall be free forever. The plan leaves to each choosing to act under it, to abolish sla- very now, or at the end of the century or any intermediate time, or by degrees ex- tending over the whole or any part of he period, and it obliges no two states to proceed alike. It also provides for compensation and gem-ally the mode of taking it. This it would seem, must, further mitigate the dissatisfaction of those who favor perpetual slavery and especially of those who are to receive compensation. JUSTICE AND ECONOMY OF EMANCIPATION Doubtless some of those who are to pay, and not to receive, will object; yet that the measure is both just and econom- ical is certain. The liberation of the slaves is fie destructiou of property. Property secured by descent or by purchase, is the same as any other property. It is no less true for having been said, that the people of the South are no more responsible for the original introduction of this property than are the people of the North; and when it is remembered how unhesitative- ly we all use cotton and sugar and share the profits of dealing in them, it may not be quite safe to say that the South has been more responsible than the North for its continuance. Then for a common Ob. ject this.property is to be sacrificed. Is it not just that it be done at a common charge? And if with less, money or mou- ey more easily paid, we can preserve the benefits of the Union by this means that we can by the war alone is it not also economical to do it ? Let us consid- er it then. Let us ascertain the sum we have expended in the war since compen- sated emancipation was proposed last March and consider whether if that meas- ure had been promptly accepted by even some of the slave states, the some sum would not have done more to close the war than has been done. If so the measure would save money and in that view would be a prudent and economi- cal measure. Certainly, it is not so easy to pay something as it is to pay nothing. But it is easier to pay a large sum that is to pay a larger one, and it is easier to pay any sum when we are able than it is to pay it before we are able. The war requires payment at once. The aggregate sum necessary for com- pensated emancipation of course would be large, but it would require no ready cash, or bondsmen, any faster than the emancipation progressed. This might not and probably would not close b.fore the end of the 37 years. At that time we shall probaly have one hundred millions of people to share the burden, instead of thirty-one millions as now ; and not only so, but the increase of our population may he expected to contribute for a long time after the period as rapidly as before, because our territory will not have be- come full. I do not state this inconsider- atcly. RAPID INCREASE or POPULATION. At the same ratio of increase which we have maintained on an average from our first national census in 1790, till that of 1860, we should in 1900 have a popula- lation of 108,208,415, and why may it not continue in that ratio far beyond that period ? Cur abundant room, our broad national homestead,_is our ample resource. Were'our territory as limited as are the British Isles very certainly our popu- lation could not expand as stated. In- stead Of receiving the foreign born as now we should be compelled '0 send part of the native born away. But such is not our condition. We have two millions nine hundred and sixty~three thousand square miles. Europe has three millions eight hundred thousand, with a popula- tion'qraging seventy-three and one third per to a square mile Why may not our untry at some time average as many? Is it less fertile? Has it more waste surface by mountains, rivers, lakes, deserts or other causes ? Is it inferior to Of white labor. people will swarm forth and cover the whole ant . If, then, we,are at some time to be as populous as Europe, how soon? As to when this may be, we can judge by 'tho past and the present. When it will be if ever, depends much on whether we maintain the Union. Several “of our States are above the average European to the square mile. Massachusetts has 157 ; Rhode Island, 133; New York and New Jersey each, 80 ; also two oth- er great States, Penesylvania and Ohio, are not far below—the former having 6 and the letter 59. The States alreada above thefEuropean average, except Ne York, have increased in as rapid ratio since passing that point as ever before, while none of them is equal to some oth- er parts of our country in natural capaci- ty for sustaining a dense population.— we find its population, and ratio of in- crease for the several decennial periods, to be as follows: 1790, 3,929,827; 1860, 5,305,937——-35 02 per cent. ratio of in- crease ; 1810, 7,239,814—36.45 per cent ratio of increase ; 1820, 9,638,131—33. 13 per cent, ratio of increase ; 1830, 12,- 866,020—33.49 per cent. ratio of increase 1840, 17,069,453—32-67 per cent. ratio of increase ; 1850, 23,191,876—35.87 per cent. ratio of increase ; 1860, 31,443, 7 90—35,.58 per cent. ratio of increase. This shows an average decennial increase of 34.60 per cent. in population through the 70 years from our first census taken. It is seen that the rates of increase at no one of these seven periods is either 2 per cent. below or two per cent above the average, thus showing how inflexible and consequently how reliable the law of in- crease in our case 19. Assuming that it will continue, it gives the following results ; 1870, 42,323,341; 1880—-—56,967,216 ; 1890-—76,677,872; 1900—103,208,415 ; IMO—138,918,526 ; 1920—-186,984,335 ; 1930—251,680,914. These figures show that our country may be as pOpulous as Europe now is at some point between 1920 and 1930, say about 1925. Our territory at 73 1-3 persons to the square mile is Of the capac- ity to contain 217,186,000, and we will reach this too if we do not ourselves re‘ linquish the chances by the folly and evils Of disunion or by long and exhausting war, springing from the only great ele- ment of national discord among us, while it cannot be foreseen exactly how much one huge example of secession breeding lesser ones indefinitely would retard the population, civilization and prosperity, no one can doubt that the extent of it would be very great and injurious. RESULTS OF EMANCIPATION. The proposed emancipation would shorten the war, perpetuate peace, in~ sure this increase of population and pro- portionately the wealth of the country. With these we should pay all the emanci- pation would cost, together with our other debts, easier than we should pay our other debts without it. If we had allowed our old natural debt to run at six per cent. per annum, simple interest from the end of our revolutionary strug- gle till today, without paying anything on either principal or interest, each man of us would owe less upon that debt now than each man owed upon it then; and this, because our increase of men through the whole period has been greater than six per cent. and has run faster than the interest upon the debt. Thus time alone relieves a debtor Ia- tiou, so long as its population increases faster than unpaid interest accumulated on its debt. This fact would be no ex~ case for delaying the payment of what is justly due, but it shows the great impor- tance of time in this connection. The great advantaeg of a policy by which we shall not have to pay until we number a hundred millions, what by a different policy we could have to pay now when the number is but thirty-one millions. In a word, it shows that a. dollar will be much harder to pay for the war than will be a dollar for emancipation on the proposed plan, and then the latter will cost no blood, no precious life. It will be a saving of both. As to the second article I think it would be impracticable to return to bond- age the class of persons therein contem- plated. Some of them, doubtless, in the property sense, belong to loyal owners, and hence provision is made in this arti- cle for compensating such. THE reruns. on THE rnann PEOPLE. The Third article relates to the future of the freed people. It does not oblige, but merely authorizes Congress to aid in coloni- zing such as may consent. This ought not to be regarded as objectionable on the one hand or on the other, inasmuch as it comes to nothing unless by mutual consent of the people to be deported, and the American vo- ters through their representatives in~ Con- gress. I cannot make it better known than it al- ready is, that I strongly favor colonization; and yet I wish to say there is an objection urged against the colored persons remaining in the country, which is large] imaginary, if not sometimes mal'mious. t is insisted that their presence won (1 injure and displace white labor and white laborers. If there ever could be proper time for more arguments, that time surely is not now. In times like the present, men should utter noth- ing for which they would not willingly be responsible through time and eternity. Is it that colored people can displace any more white labor by being free than remain- ing slaves? If they stay in their old places they jostle no white laborers. If they leave their old places they leave them open to white laborers; logically there is neither more nonless of' it. Emancipation even without deportation would probably enhance the wages of white labor and very surely would not reduce them. Thus the customary amount of‘ labor would still have to be performed. The freed color- ed pcoplc surely would not do more than their old proportion of it, and they probably for a time would do less, leaving an increased part to white laborers, bringing their labor into greater demand, and consequently en~ hancing the wages of it. With deportation, even to a limited extent enhancing wages to white labor is mathematically certain. . Labor is like any other commodity in the market. Increase the demand for it and you increase the price of it. Reduce the supply of black labor by colonizing the black labo- rers out of the country, and by precisely so much you increase the demand for and w But it is feared that the freed Are they not already in the land ? Will liberation make them any more numer. ous ? Equally distributed among the whites on the whole country and there would be but one colored person to seven whites.— Could the one in any way greatlyldisturb the seven men ? COLORED PEOPLE WONT COME NORTH. There are many communities now having more th‘ one free colored person to seven whites, and this with out any apparent con- sciousness of evil from it. The District of : wflzfl .. Europe in any natural advantage? lll ‘ Columbia and the states of Maryland and ..... -.————-w~-—c l l population of seventy-three and a third- Taking the nation in the aggregate, and ‘
Norwalk Chronicler