' thing.
t_'g it-,3 privileges ofsliips or vessels employed
in the coasting trade. 4 _
This section seems to the court to "contain
a positive enactment that the vessels it des-
cribes shall be entitled to the privr_l‘eg€50f5l”P5
or vessels employed in the coasting trade.—-
These privileges cannot be separated from
the trade, and cannot be eiijoyed unlessthe
trade maybe prosecuted. I‘he giant ofthe
- "privilege is an idle, empty form. cmrvey-iris
notliing, unless it convey the right to which
the privilege is attached, and in the exercise
of which its whole value consists. To cori-
strue these words otlierwise than as entitling
the ships or vessels described to carry on the
coasting trade, would be, we think, to disre-
gard the ‘apparent intent ofilre act.
The fourth section directs the proper officcr
to grant to a vessel qualified to receive it, “ a
license for carrying on the coasting trade ;”
and prescril'_ies its form. After reeitiug_tlie
compliance ofthe applicant witli the pr'r:\"iti'ti.s
requisites of the law,the operative words of the
instrunient are, “ license is hereby grained for
the said steam boat Belloua to be employed in
carrying on the coasting trade for one year
from the date hereof, and no l.0Hgf-‘I3’,
These are not the words ofthe officer-—tlrey.
are the words ofthe legislature ;t1HCl C.0”"0)’
‘as explicitly. the authority the act intended to
give and operate as effectually, as iftliey had
been inserted in any other part ofthe act than
in the license itself. _ _
The word “license” nreaiis permission or
authority ; and a license to do any particular
thing is a perrnissiou or authority to do that
thing ; and if granted by a person having pow-
er to grant it, transfers to the grantee ‘the
right to do whatever it purports to aiitliorrze.
It certainly transfers to him all the right
which the grantor can transfer, to do what is
within the terms ofthe license. .
V\’oiild the validity or effect of siicli an in-
strument be questioned by the appellec, if ex-
ecuted by persons clairiiing i'cgiil-arly under
the laws of New -York.
‘he license mrrst he understood to be what
it prrrports to be, a legislative E1Lll.llt)l'l[_)/‘til the
steam boat Bellona “to be employed . in ‘car-
rying on the coasting trade for one year from
its date.” ‘
It has been denied that these words author-
ize a \'t)y;1gefi‘t)lll N. Jersey_ to N. ork. It is
true that no ports are specifred,brit it is equal-
ly true that the words used are perfectly iritel-
ligible,-.iritl do confer such authority as_unques—
tiuiialily as if the ports had been mentioned.——-
Tire coastiiig tra<_le is a term well understood.
The law has (l€fl:it‘tl it ;and all know itsmean-
ing perfectly. Tire riot rlescriliees with great
iiiirirrteiiess, the var'iuus operatitriis ofa vi-:s.~'cl
engaged in it; and it caiinot_,_wetliiuk, be
doubted, that a voyage froru r‘\'ew—Jerscy to
frferv-York is one of those tipt’.r"<1llUIlS«
But, if the lir-.cii‘re be a perruit to carry on
the coasting ti'ad'e, the appellee denies that
tiiese boats were eiigagetl in that trade,or that
the decree under corisitlciatioii has restrained
them from prosecuting it. The boats of the
appellant were, we are told, employed in the
traiisportatioii of passengers; and this is no
part of thatcouiineice \\l1iCl1 Congress may
regulate. _
If, as our whole course oflegislariori on this
subject shows,the power of Corrgress has been
universally understood in America, to coni-
preliend navigation, it is a very persuasive, if
not a conclusive argument to prove that the
coiistrtrcgticnis correct, and, if it be correct, no
clear distinctionis perceived lietween the‘pow-
er to regulate vessels employed in traiisport-
ing riieii for hire, and property for hire. The
subject is traiisferred to Congress and no ex-
ception to the grant can be admitted, which
is not proved by the words or the nature ofthe
A coasting vessel einployed in the
ll‘rlH$p()l'I'dll0il ofpassengers, is as much a por-
tion oftlie American inarine, asone employ-
ed in tlietraiisportation of a cargo; and no
reason is perceived why such vessels should
be withdrawn from the regrilating power of
that goveriirnent wlricli has bz.-err tbouglit best
fitted for the purpose generally. The provi-
sions of the law icspectiiig native st:-zniieir, re-
specting f)\V.ll8f'Slllj), are as applicable to ves-
sels C.'tl'.'_\'lflg men, as to vessels carryiiig inan-
ufacturcs, and no reasoii is perceived why the
_power over the subject slioultl not be placed
in the same hands. The arguineut urged at
the bar, rests on the fornidatioii that the pow-
er of Congress does not extend to riavigation,
as a l).--duel, of commerce ; and can only be
' applied to that subject irrcideiitally and occa-
sionally. But ifthat foirndation be removed,
‘we must show some plain intelligible distiri-':—'
tion, supported by the-constitution or by rea-
son, for discriininatiug between the power of
Congress over vessels emplo_ved in navigat-
ing the same seas. We can perceive no such
distinction.
If we refer to the constitution the inference
to be drawn from it is rather against the dis»
tirictioti. The section which restrainsCougress
from prohibiting the migration or importation
of such persons as airy of the states iriay think
proper to admi:,rintil the year l808,has always
been consiilercd as an exception from the pow-
er to regul'.rte commerce and certaiiily seeuis
to class m'rgr'ation with importation. Migra-
tion applies as appropriately to voluritary, as
l‘mj)-:.*l’I;ll.lUl1 does to involuntaryarrivals; and
so far :—~.s an exception from a power proves its
‘existence, this section proves that the power‘
to regulate coiriirierce applies equally to the
regulation of vessels employed in transportirig
men ivlio pass from place to place voluntarily,
and to those wl:'. pass iuvoluritarily.
If the power reside in Congress, as a por-
tion ofthe general grant to regulate cornruercc
' then acts applying that power to vessels geri-
erally, must be constrr_ied as compreheiidirig
all vessels. If none appear to be excluded by
the language of the act,norie can be excluded
by construction. Vessels have always been
employed to a greateror less extent in the
transportation of passengers, and h.ive'never-
been supposed to be, on that account, with-‘
drawn from the control or protection of Con-
gress. Packers which ply along the coast, as
well as those which make voyages between
Europe and America, consider the transpor-
cation of passeiigers as air important part of
their business. Yet it has never been suspec-
ted that the general laws of navigation did
not apply to them.
The duty act, section 923 and -'16, contains
provisioris ‘respecting passengers, and-shows
that vessels which trairsporttlrern have the
same rights and riiust [)f1f'll)t'lI) the same duties
with other vessels. They are governed by the
general laws of iiavigzrtioii.
In the prog,i'c:;siiftliiirgs, this seems to have
growniuto a particular eriiploymeiit, and to
have attractetl the p:-.rt':i::il::r aiteiitioii of go-
‘ this opinion. But it wasariiavoidable.
veru'rr'rent. Congress was no longer satisfied
with comprehending vessels engaged special-
ly in this business within those provisions
which were intended for vessels generally,and
on the 22d of March,l_8_l9, passed ‘ An act re-
gulating passenger ships and vessels.’ This
wise and humane law provides for the safety
and comfort of passenger's, and for the com-
iiiiiirication of every thing coiiceriiing there to
the departiiierit‘nfstate, "but makes no provi-
sion coiicerning the entry ofthe vessel,or her
conduct in the waters ofthe U. States. This
we thinlt,§liows conclusively the sense ofCoii-
gross, (if, indeed any evidence to that point
corild be requircd,) that the pre-existing regu-
lations coirrprelieuded passenger sliips,umong.
others; and, in prescribing the same duties,
the legislature must have coiisidered them as
possessing the same rights.
If, then, it were even true, that the Bellona
and the Stoudinger were employed exclusive-
ly in the conveyance of passengers between
New-York and New-Jerse_v, it would not fol-
part of the coasting trade of the U. States, and
was not protected by the liceiise"ai'niexed to
the ariswer‘. Brit we cannot perceive how’the
occupation ofthcsc vessels can be drawn into
question, in the case before the court. ’.[‘he
laws of New-York, which grant the exclusive
privilege set up by the appellee, take no notice
ofthe einploynieut ofvcssels, and relate only
to the principle by which they ai'e propelled.
Those laws do not iirqriire,ivlietlrer vessels are
engaged in traiisportiiig men or mercliaiidise,
but whether they are moved by steam or wind.
If by the former, the waters of New-York are
closed against them, though their cargoes be
dutiable goods, which the laws ofthe U. States
permit them to enter and deliver in N. York.
if by the latter, those waters are free to them,
though they should carry passerigers only. In
conformity with the law, is the bill of the
plztiiitiff in the state court. The bill does not
complain that the Bellona and the Stoudinger
carry passengers, but that they are moved by
stearn. This is the iiijrrry of which he coin-
plains, and is the sole injury against the con-
tinuance ofwliich he ask relief. The bill does
not even allege, specially, that those vessels
were employed in the traiisportatioii of pas-
sengers, but says, generally, that they were
employed “ in the transportatioii of passen-
gers, or otlierivise.” _Tlre answer avers, only,
that they were employed in the coasting trade,
and insists on the right to carry on any trade
authorized by the license. No testimony is
taken, and the writ of injunction and decree
i'estrairi these licensed vessels, not from car-
rying passengers, brrt from being moved thro’
the waters of New-York by steam, for any
purpose whatever‘.
The questions, then, whether the convey-
ance of passengers be a part of the coasting
trade, and whether a vessel can be protected
in that occupation by a coasting license, are
not, and cannot be raised in this case. The
real and sole question seems to be, whether a
steam machine, in actual rise, deprives a ves-
scl of the privileges conferred by a license.
In considering this question, the first idea
which presents itself, is, that the laws ofCoii-
gress for the regulation of coinirier'cc, (lo not
look to the principle by which vessels are nio-
ved. That subject is lcfreiitirely. to individu-
al discretion ; and, in that vast and complex
system oflegislative enactiueiit concerning it,
which eriibraces every thing that the Legisla-
ture thought it liUCe5Sdl‘y to notice,tliere is not
we believe, one word respectiiig the peculiar
principle by which vessels are propelled tlrro’
the w:rtci_', except what may be found in a sin-
g'leact,grairting a particular privilege to steam
boats. i With this exception, every act, either
prescribing duties or grantirig privileges, ap-
plies to every vessel wfietlier navigated by the
instriiiiientality of wind or fire, of sails or ina-
cliiriery. The whole weight ofproof, then, is
thrown upon him who would introduce a dis-
tinction to which the wordsof the law give
no coirritenarice.
Ifa real differeiice could be adriiitted to ex-
ist between vessels carrying passengers, and
otlrers, it has already been obscrved,that there
is no fact in this case which can bring up that
question. And, if the occupation of steam
limits be a nratier of such general not_oriety,
that the Court rnay be presirriiedro know it,
zilthougli not specially informed by the record,
their we deny that the ti'ari.spo_rtatioii of‘prrs
scngers is their exclusive occupation. It is a
rriatter ofgerieral history, that, in our Westerii
waters,tlieir principal criiployrirent is the trans-
portation ofmercliandise; and all know that,
in me waters ofthe Atlaritic,tliey are frequent-
ly so employed. _
Brit all iiiqrriry into this subject seems to
the Court to be put conipletely at i°est,_by the
act already meiitioned, entitled ‘ An act for
the enrolling andlicensing ofsteaiir boats.’
This act authorises a steam boat employed,
or intended to bu e'r'nployed, only in a river or
bay of the U. States, owuetl wlrolly or in part
by an alien, resident within the U. States, to
be enrolled and licensed as ifthe same belong-
ed to a citizen ofthe United States.
This act deruoristrates the opiiiiou of- Con-
gress, that steam boats may be enrolled and
licensed in coirirnon with vessels using sails.
They are, ofcourse, entitled to the same priv-
ileges, and can no more be restrained fr-oiu
navigating ‘waters and entering ports which
are free to such ‘vessels, than iftlrey were trial‘-
ted on their voyage by the winds, instead of
being propelled by the agency of fire. The
one element may be as legitimately used as
the other, for every cornnrercial purpose au-
thorized by the laws of tlie_ Union, and the
act ofa_State, inhibiting the use ofeitlrer, to
any "vessel having a license under the act of
Congress, comes, we think, i_n direct collision
with that act. ‘ ,
As this decides the ca_use, it is unnecessary
to enter into an exzimiriatioii ofthatpart ofthe
constitrition which eriipowers_Congress to pro-
mote the progress of science 8L the useful arts.
‘Tlie,Court is aware tlr:rt,in stating the train
of reasoning by which we have been conduc-
ted to this result, much time has been consti-
med in the attempt to (lClll0llSll'.i\l€__ proposi-
tions which may have been thought axioms.
It is felt that the tediuusrress iriseparable from
the endeavor to prove, that which is already
clear, is iinputable to a considerable part of
The
conclusion to which we have _c_orrie, depends
on a chain ofpriiicipleswlrieli ‘it was necessa-
ry to preserve unbroken ; airrl,altliougli some
oftlierii were thought nearly self-‘evident, the
riragriiliule ofthe qirestioii,tlie rveiglit of cliar-
actcr belonging to those from whose jtidgrrient
we dissent, and the argument at the bar, de-
manded that we should assuine uoth-inc.
Powerful and iugerrioiis minds, taking, as
low, that this occupation did not constitute a"
postiilates, that the ‘powers 'c;‘xpr'essly granted
to the Government of the Union, are to be
contracted by c‘onstruction into the narrowest
possible compass, and that the original pow-
ers of the States are retained, if any possible
construction will retain them, may,by a ‘course
of ivell digested, but refined and met'apliysic-
al reasoning, founded on these premises, ex-
plain away the constitution of our couutry,and
leave it, a magnificent structure, inde€1l, I0
look at, but totally unfit for use. They may
so entangle and ‘perplex the uuderstanding,as
to obscure principles which were before tho’t
quite plain, and induce doubts where, if the
mind were to pursue its own course, none
would be perceived. In such a case, it is pe-
culiarly necessary to recur to safe and funda-
mental principles, to sustain those principles,
and, when sustained, to rirake them the test of
the arguriieiits to be exaiirincd.
53%..
FOREIGN NEWS. ,
London papers to the 20th Jan. have been
rec’d at Boston. The Courier, of the 19th,
says——‘ \Ve consider it not at all unlikely that
the Messiige ofthe President of the U. States
will give considerable umbrage to the Russian
Government. In truth, the toire oftliat Mes-
sage is very decidedly hostile to the extrava-
gant preteiisioris of 21 power which, with all
imaginary coolness, contemplated the turning,
by a Russian Ukase, ofthe Pacific Ocean iii-
to a Russian Lake. We have reason to be-
lieve, that the explanations which have taken
place between our own Government and the
U. States, ripori the subject of the Message,
have been ofthe riiost satisfactory kind. ‘V6
believe, also, we may venture to assure our‘
readers, that upon all the great measures now
engrossing the attention of Europe and the
United States, this country and America tiri-
drrstarid each other perfectly, and are upon
the best possible footinu.’
A loan of 8t)0,000l. stock has been contract-
ed for the service of the Greeks in Paris and
London. Intelligence from Rome, ofthe
8th Jan. gives new ground of uneasiness res-
pecting the health ofthe Pope. ’
Letters from Coiistantirrople of the 15th ult.
give a very favorable picture of the prospects
of the Greeks, as founded upon the disrrriioir .
ofthe Turks respecting the mode ofoperatioii
against them. The Divan having, aft.er a dis-
cussion of nearly a rnoritlr’s duratiori, resolved
upon sending the Grand Vizier against the
(:‘n'eeks, armed with full powers by the Sultan,
had caused their decision to be made known
through private channels, not daring to do so
publicly until they had ascertained the state
of public feeling, on account ofthe great oli-
jection which the Turks have to the Grand
Vizier’s quitting the capitol, and which arises
frorri a sr.iper'stitiuus riotioir that such a step is
only justified by a state of extreme peril.-
The comiuunication had, it appears, met with
the most decided objections, and the Janissa-
ries had even proceeded to outrage. It was
therefore iinagiiicd that the intention would
be abandoned.
The French ministerial papers say, that the
troops embarked at Brest and Toiiloir, were
for theW. Indies, as a substitute for 1heColoni-
al troops. Offl ofthe frigates which were e-
quipping,l was to carry aiiArnb;rssadoi' toCoii-
staiitiriople, and the other a Consul to Tunis.
.Mu¢l7'id, Jan. 4.-—It is agreed thatthere ex-
ists a secret treaty between France and Spain,
but the principle basis of it are not known ;
only the assistance, or the direct and indirect
means are spoken of, which France is to fur-
nish, to recoriquer a part ofthe Spanish colo-
riies. It is also generally supposed that Fer‘-
dinand lins made some cessions—ouly the
Balearic Islands are ineiitioned, and it is ad-
ded that this cessiou has excited some dispute
with a Cabinet which opposes it. The notes
of the Aruba.-tsarlor‘s of France and Russia
with the Spanish Ministry cross each other.—
The two Ambassadors are on good terms with
each other; but M. de Bulgari is more inti-
ruately connected with the fanatic party a-
' uiong the conriiers of Ferdinand, who follow
in prt=ferericc the policy of I{ussia,tliouglr that
of .'i~‘raiicc is not very differerit.
LATEI{.»——By an arrival at N.York on-the
10th, in 21 days from Liverpool,advices tothc
l6rn ult. are rec’d. The British Parliaineut
met on the 2d Feb. ‘ire king being confined
by rntlisposition, his address was read by the
Lord Chancellor. No notice is taken in the
speech of this country. _.Trade, cornmerce,
m:riiiifaetui'cs and agriculture are represented
to be flourishing, and a slight redrictiori oftax-
es is anticipated. The negoeiatiorrs at Cori-
staritinople are said robe drawing to a favor-
able close. As to airy frrrtlrer measures re-
specting South America, (other than the ap-
poiritnieiit of consuls) ‘ his majesty has reser-
ved to liiriiselfaii unfettered discretion, to be
r:xcrcisctl as the circrinistances oftlrose coun-
tries, and the interests ofhis own people, may
require,’ On the subject ofariieliorating the
condition of the slaves in the lVest Indies,
the speech remarks, ‘ His Majesty is confident
that you will afford your best attention and
assistance to any proposition which may be
submitted to _voii for promoting the moral im-
provement of the negroes,by an extended plan
of religious instruction, and such other meas-
rires as inay’gradually condrice to the same end.
Brit his majesty earnestly recoriimeiids to you
to treat this whole subject with the calmness
and discretion which it demands. It is a sub-
ject perplexed with difficulties which no sud-
den effort can disentangle. To excite exag-
gerated expectations iii those who are the ob-
jects ofyour benevolence, would be as fatal
to their welfare as to that ofiheir employers;
and his majesty assures Iiirnself you will bear
in mind, tliiafiii the correction ofa long stand-
ing and complicated system, in which the for-
times and safety oflarge classes ofhis majes-
ty’s subjects are involved, that course ofpro-
ceeding is along; likely to attain practical good
and to avoid aggravation of evil, in which due
regard shall be paid to considerations ofjiis-
rice, and in rvliiclifcautioii shall temper zeal.’
In the Hoiiseof Commons, on the 4th, Mr.
Canning stated that‘Europe knew most tine-
quivocally, that whilst England admitted the
right of Spain to recover her late Arrierican
possessions, she denied‘ the right of any for-
eign power to interfere iri.aid of the mother
country in the attempt. Notices have been
given in both houses of air’ ftiteritiori to move
addresses to his Majesty, praying for the re-
cognition of South Auierican ihrfeperrdence.
A committee‘ of the H. o'f_Cornmons has
been appointed to iiiqriire iirto the propriety
of repealing the laws which restrain Artisans
from leaving the kingrlotn to reside abroad-
Into the state of the law and its coridetjriencoarliad accepted his offer‘ ofr_no_uey and arins,but
,3.
I
1.
relating to the ‘exportation! of macliinery—To
inquire into -the state ‘of the law and its ef-
fects, relating to the combination of workmen
for the purpose of raising wages, or fixing the
hours of labour. ,
I-ii the corirse of the discussions in Parlia
merit, on motions to address the King in an-
swer to the speecli, allusion was repeatedly
riiade to the U. States and the President’s
message. The Marquis of Lansdown said he
rejoiced to find that the U. States had taken
that part in relation to South America which
became both its character and its interests.——
It had not concealed its opinioii-—-it had spo-
ken out boldly and timely, and in throwing
its shield over them at the earliest period, by
recognizing their iridependence, had set an
example to nations ofwliicli this country ought
to have been uiore promptto avail itself.
Mr. Brouglrain said—‘Tlris country agitirtes
between its hopes and its fears, the sriffering
lovers of freedoiri groaning in dungeons thro'-
oiit Europe: all men who have breathed a
wish for the irnprovemeirt of mankind, have
hailed with jov the speech ofthe President of
the U.S. Tliat,sir, is a manly and intelligible
speech ; that docriiiiciit describes the policy of
a wise Governriierit, in a riianiier worthy ofa
free and independent people.
jealousy prevent us from following uliere it
might have been _our praise to lead, and as
they have the glory, let ris have our share of
the advantages :.lct us join a kindred people;
let us hold to free institritions, let ris aid other
freeiiien who for liberty’s sake seek t1) put
boriiids to that league of despots who,‘ after
subduing all other fre_cmen, would certainly
attempt to conquer us. ~
Mr. Canning made the following remarks :
‘ Europe has witnessed at different times wars
of differeiit clrgiracters; but of all the wars
which have brought desolation in their train,
wars ofopiiiion are those which have most af-
flicted the human race. Let us keep in liar-
rirony with the Powers of Europe, whether
their internal institritions be rirore or less per-
fect-—let us move on steadily inorir own orbit,
not in obedience to any of these powers, brit
wholly independent of them; and while we
forma part ofa great and comprehensive sys-
tem, let us not look with too scrutiriiziug an
eye into the glory or the iiiagriitude ofllic oth-
er Powers by which we are surrounded. Let
it suffice that other‘ Powers strike not against
ris, and let ris keep within our- own orbit ;—lei
the light of our example, and not our inter-
ference, lead others to a participatioii of the
blessings which we already enjoy, and let tis
not adopt a crirsadirrg system by eirdeavour-
ing to inflict our institutions on other states,
and by that uiode of infliction convert our
blessings into curses.’
The London Courier‘ says it is quite clegr
that no immediate recognition ofS. Ariiericari
indepeudeiice is corrteiiiplated. The wish is
that Spain herselfshorild take the lead in re-
cognizing it; aiidMi'.Cairriirig irr_a late speech
stated that ‘ a proposition for a rccogriitioii has
been actually uiade by Spain ; that our an-
swer is on its way to Matlrul ; and that when
the replyshall have been received from thence
the govcrtinient will be able to speak iriore ex-
plicitly upon that subject.’
On the 18th rilt. a resolution was moved in
the House of Cornriioris that his illajesty be
aritlrorised to lay iipou all American ships eu-
tering his t\Iajesty’s ports, sucli (lritics as were
levied on British vessels entering the ports of
the U. States. Mr. ’tohertsori protested a-
gainst this resolution. It would ruin the ship-
ping interest altogether. It had been declin-
iug several years and there were now 125,000
tons of shipping, and 8000 scanien less em-
ployed than had been at a former period. It
was replied that the proposed measure was ne-
cessary in order to protect British ships against
Arnericiiii. T|i.e resolution was agreed :0.
Letters from Cadiz rrientioii, that the expe-
dition for South America sailed from that port
on the 13th ofJanuary.
A letter frorii Bayonne, of Feb. 3, says :—-
" they talk of the ernbarkation of ten of our
regiinents for Soiilli Arnerica.”
Tire opening oftlreFreiich Chambers is fix-
ed, it is said,for the 7th April, the aiiuiversary
of ilie passage ofthe Bidassoa by the French.
A private letter froru Zante, of Jan. 8th.
states that several persons had arrived there
on their way from Missolurighi, with contri-
btrtions of money, ammunition, and clothes
for the Greeks, given by the lnglish and Ger-
mans. O-Iysseirs had gained possession ofC_a-
ryslos in the island ofEuh;ea, and had besieg-
ed-Er'ytliyseri. Negropont was blockaded, and
Patras closely pressed.
A letter froui Paris states, that. the Court
of Assize bad acquitted Madame Clia_iivet.-
accused of being an acconrplicc in a plot a-
gains: the Goverrirnent, in carr_virrg letters
frorii a party of refugees in Lontlori to their
friends in Paris.
STILL L:-\TER.—By air arrival at Bos-
ton iri the unprecedented passage of l_G days
from Liverpool, papers to the £’.lst Feb. are
rec’d. The H. of Conimoris have voted an
increase of-1000 men to the British navy. In
the discussion, some allusion having been
made to the probable result for auguieritirig
the naval force, when Mr. Canning said in
explanation ofa passage in the King’s speech,
that there never was a period in which the
coumi-_v might with greater certairity expect a
continuance ofpcace; brit added ‘ it mrist be
clearlv seen that there never was a period in
whichirhr-re was so rnncli agitation, anti it was
necessarv not only that we should be ourselves
S?lllSllCtl,Jl)ll[ that the conviction should pre-
vail in all parts ofthe world, that the nation
was ready to maintain its |‘l:1lllS.
It is said in a letter from Paris, dated Feb
14-, that a consultation of pliysiciaiis bad de-
clared the slate of the King of France to be
dangerous,=riid that it was improbable he could
outlive the month of Marcli.
The Paris Zliloniterir of Feb. 16, announced
officially that the king ofSp;iiu, at the solicit-
ation of France, had signed a decree granting
a liberty of free trade with South America to
all natiiius on the footing ofau equality ofrlu-
ties. A coriveiitiou had also been signed reg-
ulating the occtipatioir ofSp:iin by the French
troops, and :1 treaty rmzrigriiziiig a debt of St
ririllions of francs to France.
Success still crowned the ellorts of the
Greeks. They had effected a laridirig in the
island of Mytilene, and the Turks would be
obliged to evaeriate it; and it was said the
Trirks had left Patras. The Greeks are tri-
rirnpliant in the island of Negropout. Misso-
Ionghi was still besieged by a large arrny.—-
Lord Byron was at Ccplialouia. The Greeks
May no mean,
decliiied his [lEl’."«l.lll£‘rl services. A Tirrkisli
sqriadrori destined to protect Sinyrna,has been
destroyed in a storm. Persia has refused
to ratify the treaty with Turkey. C _
Letters froui i‘v,i.rdrid state that the whole
province of Gallicia was in a state of insurrec-
tion, and that two insurreciions had taken
place near Cadiz. Capt. Cochran, after‘
a two years’ survey, has discovered a passage
between the coritirrents ofAsia and America‘.
there being ii continuous channel lietiveemhg
contiiients, though freqirently blocked up with
ice during great part ofthe winter.
..»Q@flv«-
CONGRESS.
SE.-\‘.-\'l‘E, Jllurch 5.—Tlie Vice Presid'ent
conirnuuicated a preaiuble and resoluticii of
the. Legislature ofthe State of New-York, re-
iprcsiing their Senators and Represeiitatives
to eiidezivor to obtain from Congress some frrr-
thcr relief for the Niagara sufferers during the
late war. On motion of l\T|‘.V;||]B1]|‘en,,[l)g
document was ordered to lie on the table.
The bill reported by the Coiiiniitiee on Na-
val At°fairs, ‘ regulating the trau:-portation of
gold and silver brrlliori, specie, and jewels, and
carrying ofpassengers, and to prohibit the re-
ceipt of mercliaudise. in the public vessels of
the U. States,’ was taken up forzconsideration,
in committee ofthe whole. ' _
_M_r. Llo_r/cl, of Md. said he believed the per-
mission tocarry specie, had grown up, like
rnairy other of our prrictiees, from the exam-
ple ofErrgl;ind. But, it becariie now neces.
sary to inquire liow far the honor and welfare
ofthe coiinrry, and its navy, was C()lnpl‘t)mj[-
ted by this practice. Considerable sums of
morrey,ha‘ve been made in this traflic,by some
of our officers ; our public vessels have been
the depositories and the insurer's of the pro-
perty of foreign nations, and of belligeraiits.
The permission to carry specie was calculated
to destroy the fine and cmvalrous feelings of
the officer; to turn his iiriud from seeking
‘ reputation at the caruion’s uiuriih,’ to inter-
ested and sordid pursuits. Furtlrer than this,
the practice was liable to involve us in diffi-
culties with fort-i,y_rri nations.
Mr. L103/rl, of Mass. said, he believed that.
the trarispomilioii of specie, in public vessels,
might be permitted, under certain regiilatioirs
without detriirierit to the service. G. Britain
had allowed this practice, in her Navy, time.
out ofiriind, under restrictions. In our Navy
there had been no r'egtilation on the subject,
and it ought not to be permitted to go on so;
our vessels were liable to engage in improper
cruizes, and to enter‘ iurproper ports, for-the‘
purpose ofcarrying on this trade, and it might
jeopardise the peace oftliccoriiitry. The bill-
riow before the Senate coritaiiis the necessary
provisions: it provides what ports specie may‘
be carried to and front; and what countries,
under certain circunistaiices. Hitherto, we
have had no regard to the inaxiriiuru offreight.
to be allowed for the irarispoi‘tatioii of specie.-
This bill has a provision on tlizpt, point. In
the preseiitabseiice of :rll regtilafii_ni,tlieCorri-
riraiiders ofthe vessels have themselves recei-
ved all the bericfit accruing from the freight
of the specie. Not so in the Bririih service.
A ccrtiriu part of the freiglrt, in their vessels,-
gocs to the other ofli-:cr's, and a part to the
Greerrwii:ir Hospital.
similar provision. A certain portion of the
freight money is to go to the iriferior officers-
and to the Navy Hospital fund. It appeared
to the coiiiinittee proper tliatsome regulation
sl.ould,also,be adopted in relation to the trans-
portation ofpassengers. Considerable incon-
venience has occurred, from carrying passen-
gers. \Ve have been in the habit ofinaking-
drawiiig-rooms of the cabins ofour public ves-
sels, this is certainly not bciicficial to the ser-
vice. If our captains can carry their ladies
and families in their vessels, the lieutenants
may do the sanre—aritltliis will be an increas-
ing evil. The bill proposed checks upon irri-
proprieties that iriay hereafter occur. ' ‘he bill
was postponedto the 10th inst. '
House Q/‘Rt-[ii-escnta(ivr:.s‘,;llm'clt5.-—On ino-
tioii of M r. Tod several anicndinents were
made to the Tariff Bill ; and on his riiotion to‘
lay a duty of 75 cents per cwt. on pig -iron :1.
long debate arose. It was advocated, firsi,ou
the general principles of the bill—tliat our
own_iiianufacturers should, wherever it was
practicable, be encouraged in preference to
those of foreign coiiirtries, in order to promote
internal trade, and the iirdeperrdeiice ofthe
coriritry, and to provide a resource in case of
war. The article of ir'on is abundant, being
found in alrirost all the states of the Union ;=
its qriality is eqrial to that of airy in the world ;-
pig iron isvits vei'y'i'udest form of manufac-
rurc~—it r.-rnploys labo’rvtlr_at would otherwise.
reniain llllt'; a duty llilsilliiltllefltlj’ been laid on
Iizrr iron, which uill lead tojtbe importation of
pig, unless that iinportatiorr is met by a duty
on pig also : nmre was -iriipo'i-tori‘ previous to
1:: 8: in that year one liuntlred ions were inr-
portcd, and the irnportatioii lras alr‘e:iily reach-
ctl tlrirty-oiie liiiudrcd tons a year. This goes
to keep the native riclies ofthe coriiitry buri-'
ed in the earth, while foreign prodtiots and in-
rlustry are proriioted. This is an article that,
of all others, should be encouraged—because
it converts that rvliloh is wortliless,'(and worse‘
into an article ofgrcat value, of general util}
ty, and ofiiidispeiisable flt.(2€S‘3l[y.
It was opposed on the general ground that,-
iristead of lieuefitting niaiiiifactiires, this duty
went to injure them. Pig iron is not import-
ted in airy very large quaurity—-aiid'lhat which‘
is imported,‘is not brorrgbt froui abroad on ac-
eorint ofa lower price, but of a peculiar quali-
ty. It is the Scoftis/r. _;,rrey iron, which has a
degree offineness and solidify, which renders
it peculiarly fit for small castings used in ma-
cliinery. It must be mixed with our own iron
for certain kinds ofwork—-we have no substi-
tute for it. This duty is not rieerled by the‘
iirakers ofpig iron; they are already growing
ricli,while the niaritrfactiircrs of bar and bloom
iron are growing poor-——tlie dtity will go to irr-
crease the profits of those already thriving,a'nd
to add to the burden of those who are about to
sink ; as the makers of pig iron have already
a duty which gives them the market, all the
duty now added will only be so inu_cli added
to the price paid by the consumer.
It was :'ejoiried,that the qrralityoftliescotcli
pig iron did not depend on any thing peculiar
in the ore, but in the manner of preparing it :
and that the iron of this country could he si
mixed as to be made either into what is called
g'r‘c_r/ iron, or while, at the will ofthe irori-iu:rs-
rev, (and details of the process were given.)
r‘vlrrch occasional ple,as:iritry'arose, and :2-
grct-.rbl_v relieved the dryness of the debate.
Mr. Tod couipareil him.-elfio the iziu repre-
sented in the title-page ofthe Alufirrac, sturk
tlirougli on every side, and in er-er_v part of his
The present bill has-a"
Norwalk Chronicler