I _.-. .7... ~ l w .t ‘that country and obnoxious to the .general_ / the Sovereigns of/Europe had entered into ‘a Solemn coinpactxio preserve. Fraiice did; not attack Spain, 5 "a only made war on. a _P8Tt)'a and against prj ciples which were injuriousto ‘feelings of the ‘Spaniards- ~ M. dc Villele laboured hard to shew that‘ ' “Fran'ce"hatl done every thing consistent with I ‘the national ‘honor, to preserve peace and to save Spain, and that she had no other alter- -native’ than that of vindicating those princi- ‘plesfivliich wereequally essential to the peace cf,France and Spain, by the course she was now pursuiug,an‘d which he doubted not would lie crowned with success. The Minister, however, seems to have had some little rnisgiving on the pm"! 3 T01‘ 1" the course of his very elaborate speech, he spoke of the 'incertitude which would attend the war. In these papers we have accounts from Bor- deaux and Toulouse of the 24th ult. from Bayonne ofthe 96th, and from Perpignan of the 20th. It is stated that at Perpignan there are 20 millions and a half offrancs‘ deposited for the use of the army. The Duchess 0fAngonleme was to set out for the. South on VVed nesday. She was I0 be accompanied by the Duchess de Danias and another a‘ame d’honneur. - It is rumored in the Dutch papers, that Rus- sia has resolved to send 8 divisions of40,000 men each to enter France, and remain there during the invasion of Spain, and that this measure is at the instance of the French mm- isters, at the Courts ofRussia and Vienna. Advices froui Perpignan to the Q0th_ March mentionthat the French Count Curial, had ~ been training his troops by sham fights ; that they were to remain there till the arrival of .the Duke of Angouleme; but that the ap- proach of Mina, had caused an order to he is- sued for.the 18th regnnentto repair to its can- tonments at Ceret, Maureillas, and B€lllt‘.~Z.—- This prompt departure, and the appearance of Mina, had given rise to various rumours. Pants, March 30.—-Tlie Official Gtizette of Madrid, of the 19th, contains tliedecree of the Cortes, sanctioned by the King,forbidr_luig ‘ the entrance into the ports Of Spam. 0fVe$5"l5 " belonging to Powers which have broken the amicable relations with Spain. _ The preparations for war proceed with great activity. The park of artillery, which left Paris yesterday for the South, extended up- wards of halfa mile in leiigth. It is reported to—day, that the French will pass the Bidassoa on the 14th or 15th April. Orders have been dcspatclierl this morning for the French fleetin the i'vIediterranean. It is said that this fleet is to act upon the coast of Spain, particularly at Rosas or Torlosa, where provisions are to be thrown in, as from the nature ofCatalouia, it is impossible for the French to take with them a sufficient supply offood, and orders have been given by the Spaniards to lay waste the country. It is said the Russian ministers in Denmark and Sweden, have demanded to know what part those governments intend taking, in case of War between France and Spain. Accounts from Portugal state the insurrec- tion set on foot by Jimarante, was entirely crushed. The Cortes had ordered the ertpul- sion ofseveral French half pay officers, in the pay ofthe Bourbous, to leave the country,they having been proved to be at the bottom of Am- arante’s plot. Letters of the 25th, from Constantinople: state that lord Strangford had had an audi- ence witli-the Sultan. It was then resolved to take a step towards an agreement with Rus- sia: the Reis Effendi having declaring to lord Strangford that the Turkish ministers were ready to renew the relations with Russia. A formal communication had not been made.—- An extraordinary courier arrived at Vienna, from Constantinople on the 18th, probably with this communiczition. Expresses were -iinrnediately dcspatclied forthwith to St. Pe- tersburg, and London. Odessa, March 6.—-Letters from Constan- tinople ofthe £2_Utli ult. affirm, that the Porte has acceded to the proposals of Lord Strang- ford. There is a report in circulation, that an amnesty for the Greeks is one ofthe articles ; but the Greeks, say—-they had not asked for any and hoped soon to have obtained it for themselves. The Frankfort papers of March 220, state, that the capitulation of the Castle of Corinth, is confirmed, 3500 Turks having laid down their arms on the 122th of Feb. Patras has not yet surrendered as was stated. The Pa- chas have received orders froiu Constantino- ple, to treat Christians with the greatest iii- dulgerice. , . .~. Accounts from Holland, state that sortie of the Dykes have given way, and several villag- es so inundated that the steeples only are to be seen. The damage is said to be very great. Several Earthquakes have recently been experienced in Syria. On the 6th ofMarch, Palermo was visited and much injured by an Earthquake; 21 persons were killed, and a- bout 1920 wounded. North American Timber for building, has risen at Glasgow, within the last four months, from'ls8d to 2~;:~3tl per‘ foot. A packet vessel from Dublin, with I929 pas- sengers, was wrecked on the Irish coast the latter part of March, and nearly all on board perished. Among those who perished, were Richard Hore, Esq. ofthe Irish Bar, and Mr. "Wm. Lindsay, inerchaut, ofLondonderry. \\ The 1’. Y. Daily Adv. in commenting on C’ intelligence received by this arrival, says, ‘the statement in the London Sun relative to the declaration of war,we do not think atall prob- able. If such a documenthad been received it could ‘not be concealed. Every paper in the metropolis would have been in possession ‘of it. There is uosricli thing as secrecy in a declaration of war. Many ofthe the principal papers in London receive constant communi- cations from France, and often by express.— Such would have been the case now ifa doc- I ration had appeared in France.’ ‘The Advertiser further retiiarks, ‘ that 21 di- plomatic character accompanies the coininan.- derin chief ofthe French forces. This looks like a determinationon the part of that gov- ernment to adjust the affair without fighting, if possible. Or, perhaps it would be more correct to say, it counteiiauccs the idea that the French have thus far indulged a, belief that the Spaniards would be split into factions . randgpon the approach of their army send in their submission. If this was their expecta- tion they must have been somewhat discon- cérted, if, on reaching Spain, they found their ineasures had produce so contrary an effect as that of uniting the Spaniards. _ . I New-Yoiur, May ll. Com. Porter’s .S'q;u.adron'.—'-Lieut. Henley, at Norfolk, who left Havana on the 16th ult. states that the coast of.Cuba is now so ‘C0111: plétely lined with America'n and British cruis- ' et's”,"_that\tliere7is little or nothing to lappi'eh_ent’_§_-‘ from-th'e pirates. The ‘facility ofcomtnunicaf-fl’ tion» with all parts ofthe coast was such as tf enable Com.-Porter to receive intelligence daily of the operations of the different vessels under, his couimaiid. , - » At Key ‘Vest, April 12th, the Peacock, laid up; Decoy, store ship,‘ in charge of sailing‘ master Rogers; the Ferret, and Terrier, ‘ca- reening, and the schooner Pilot, captured front the Pirates. ~ The Navyflospital carried out from Norfolk, (in frame) was to be immediately erected at the principal watering place, two miles from ./3llentown,, which is stated to be a very heal- thy position, accessible to the pure sea breez- es from every point. It was to be under the orders of Surgeon Williamson. A Hotel was also about to be established by onevoftlie pro- prietors of the Island. The sea water round the Island yielded elegant salt by a very sini- ple andrapid process. . Lt. H. heard very little said at Havana on the subject of the British taking possession of Cuba, but from many indications, believes such a measure to be in contemplation. While at Jamaica, zi short time since, he saw a letter from a British officer at Kingstoii to another at Lucia, which recommended to hirti ‘ to hold hiniselfin readiness to join the army about to proceed to Havana, to take possession of Cit- ba.’ Theiuhabitants of Cuba, it was under- stood, were divided into several parties, but it was believed would not suffer England to take possession of the Island. The troops in the Moro were continually exercising. A letter to the editors of the Norfolk Bea- con, written on board the Wild Cat, in speak- ing ofthe piratical captain of the Pilot, who parades the streets of Matanzzis, says—-—‘ His name is Domingo, a native ofthe Canary Isl- ands, and formerly commzinded a Guineamztn; he is the man that obliged the crew ofthe ves- sel to fight, from which Lieut. Allen received his death ; he is celebrated for his desperate courage and enlerprize-—-I will answer for his indifference to round shot. You may think it strange he should walk freely, at noon day, in defiance of the law, but it is easily account- ed for : he is feared by every one——lie has desperadoes ready and willing to do his bid- ding, and certain death would await the one who should dare to inform against him. I_ii short you could not obtain a witness against him; he will therefore go_on until we are lucky enough to fall in with him.’ Extract of a letter to the erlitors of the Rich- mond lnqu.t'rer, _fi'om an Qfllcer in the U. S. .N'cwy, dated ‘ Sea Gull, Jlfataizzazs, ./lpril 18. ‘The Commodore was much surprised to find the trade at this Island li-ad been left en- tirely destitute ofprotection souie time before our arrival, and that the vessels intended to afford regular convoy from this place and Ha- vana, and to contribute men for the barges, had been withdrawn from the station without any reason being assigned for it. Very seri- ous inconvenience has resulted not only to the mercantile interest but to us; one half of the vessels which were intended for the special from that service for the purpose of giving convoy, and in order to be enabled to man the barges and keep up the crews ofthe schoon- ers, the Peacock, a fine ship, and the largest on the station, and the Decoy, have been strip- ped of their crewg, laid up, and for the present are entirely useless to us.’ ‘ ‘The day before yesterday, the barges of this division, under Lt. Cassin ofthe Peacock, were sent to examine Sigtiapa bay, about 30 miles to windward ofthis, a favorite and mticli frequented haunt ofthe pirates. As we have information of several of their vessels having been there very lately, we are quite sanguine of the result. We shall follow the barges in :i'day or two, and aftergiving the bays and ad- jacent Keys a critical overhauling, coast it down as far as Cape Antonio, by which time it is expected our provisions will be so nearly exhausted as to make it necessary to return to the island.’ Extract of a lcttcrfrom the caplrfin ofthe brig Lotu.'..sia7zct,dtrtcd ‘Fort P£r1qztc2m'~ne,./]p1°il 93. Iwrote to you from Campeachy that the Pirate wholiad infested the neighlionrliood of Campeachy, had departed down to leeward-— but to our surprise he made his appearance a few mornings afterwards along side ofau En- glish brig lying insight of the‘ town,antl rob- bed‘ her most uiiinercifully; the whole town looking at him. The next day he caught an American brig from this port, via. Lesal, and served her in thue same way, unbeiit some of her sails, and infarct what they could not car- ry offtliey destro“yed,but did not ill use the crew. Two days before left, a British sloop of war, the Taiiiar arrived, and went in pursuit of this scoundrel——she returned the nightl came away, butI had not been able to hear the result of her cruise, as her boatsghad not been on shore before I came. The U. States schr. Grampus,.is.now lying close to tire, and sails this day for C-ampeachy in pursuit of the same fellow, and ifnotalready caught, will no doubt make him keep himsclfvery close whilst onlthat station. The captain ofthe Grampus goes expressly after this chap, and informs me that if he catches him .’ From the Richmond Enquirer. _ IVant o_/'Seamen.—It appears from :1 Cor- respondent’s letter, that the Peacock and the Decoy, are absolutely /tors dc Combat for want of Seamen to man them. The necessity of furnisliiug convoy to so many Ainerican ves- sels, and of manning so many boats, creates a demand for iiio‘re seamen than Com. Porter possesses._ «.We cannot entertain a doubt, that the moment'this fact is known to the Secreta- ry of the Navy, he will issue the necessary in- structions for additional crews to be shipped to the W’. Indies. Com. 'Porter’s force is al- ready small enough to repress the numerous and active bucaueers he has to contend with —he can scarcely spare two of his vessels. . , New-Youx, May 10. , Crrpture of Pira!es.——A letter was received yesterday, via. Pliiladelphia, from an Ameri- can ofiiccr at Havana, dated Md ult. commu- eating the following iuterestiiig intelligence. "The famous Pirate schooner Saragozana, is captured by the British.-—'0'ne ltundred and twenty uien were taken and thirty killed. Fif- teen of the British were, unfortunately killed. The Pirates have been sent to Jamaica to be \ object of suppressing piracy have been taken- ’ hung.’ Their vessel nioiinted llong I8 pouii-" der and 4 long‘-nines or_t__ivelves, with a crew of l50‘men.’ * V _ _ » ‘ _Com_. Porter left Matanzas on the 19th, in the Sea-Grill, in pursuit of this vessel, but he. was too‘ late.-’ ‘ 2 _, The Congress frigate, capt.Biddle,theJohn Adams corvette, capt. Renshaw, and the Hor- net slo‘op of war, capt. Smith, are now moored in this harbor. The Hornet will "probably get under way this iuoriiing, andiproceed on a cruise against the piratesin the West Indies. The Congress, is, we learn, to go round to the Delaware, where she will receive on board Mr. Rodney, our Minister to Buenos Ayres, his family and suit, and Mr. Nelson, Minister to Spain——From the Delaware she will pro- ceed to Cadiz to land Mr. Nelson, and from thence to Buenos Ayres with Mr. Rodney.—— The John Adams takes out Richard C. An- derson, Esq. as Minister to the,Republic of Coloiii bia.-—.N'orjblk' paper. It is reported in a Providence paper, that Capt. Carpenter, who came passenger in the Experiment, from the BayofHouduras,states, that eight days previous to his sailing, eight Coniuiissioners front the Province of St. Sal- vador de Guateinztla, sailed for Boston in the schr. Planet, on a mission to this country, for the purpose ofuniting that province with the Government ofthe‘ United States. [A Boston paper of the 9th inst. states that the Commissioners had ar. in that c‘:ty.] PHILADELPHIA, May 7. That enterprising and intelligent ofiicer, Major Long, has again set out on an explor- ‘ing expedition a few (lays since from this" place, and we wish him the same success that attended his last expcditioti. Major L. made his expedition to the Rocky Mountains under very fortunate circumstances ; he was accom- panied by many actiye and intelligent gentle- men ofscience, who by their papers in the va- rious branches of science, have added much to the stock ofknowledge. VVe are happy to state that Major L. again takes with him most of-the same scientific gentlemen that accom- panied him in his formerjourney. Mr. Keat- iug, professor ofchemistry applied to the arts, in the Pennsylvania University, is attached to this expedition, as Geologist and Mineralo- gist. VVe expect much from this gentleman in his branch--the country to be passed, is particularly interesting, being at tliejnnction of the primitive with the secondary formation near the head waters ofthe lakes. Major Long proposes to continue in nearly 8. direct line from .Wheeling, to Columbia, Ohio, to Chicago, hence to Prairie du Cliien, on the Mississippi. Up this river and St. Pe- ter’s river to the source ofthe latter,which has never been investigated. The party then cross the high lands to Red River, which flows into Lake ll/innipec, continue down this river, un- til they reach the 49th parallel oflatitude. It will then return to this parallel, which marks the boundary of Canada, until they strike the River La Plue, which falls into Lake Stipe- rior. Having descended this river, the lakes will afford them an expeditious and safe route to their anxious friends. From the Rochester Republican, flpril 29. Canal.-Owing to the recent heavy rains several breaches had been niadein the em- bankments ofthe caual,b‘utthese were prompt- ly repaired, and the water was admitted from the Genesee some time during the last week. Several boats were it-nmediately loaded and dispatched eastward with flour, Sac. The packet boat Bou'ck, at. at the basiti on Friday evening last, and left this place yesterday mor- ning crowded with passengers, and we under- stand that the line of packet boats have coni- menced their ifigular trips. On Wednesday oflast week, a boat was launched from the yard of H. Goodman $5 Co. and tho’ we uiay not announce the event in as lofty languagew as is used in city poiiitou the like occasions, yet perhaps it is an occurrence equally inter- esting, with the launch ofthe. protglest ship of the line from a sea port. To behold a vessel from the ocean, in‘ a place, which, ten years since, was a wilderness, and to reflect that it is to navigate a.‘ stream, erected by the hand of man, 9:30 miles in,le.ngth, to the naturally nav- igable waters, excites emotions of no common kind,and must raise a throb ofconscioiis pride in the breast of every one who belongs to the state whose euterprize could and dare do so much.—-‘—-Our village, at this moment, pres- ents something of the bustle and business of a sea port; mercliandize is receiving; boats are loading and clearing, and even smrretliing like ship building is not wanting here in the l'orest——as there are several boats of from 9.0 to 40 tons now nearly ready to be launched which have been built in this place. This is the niarcli ofiniprovement. Extract of a lclterfrom Gen. Jackson to a gen- tleman in Mississippi, dated March 23; ‘From the present revolutionary state of Mexico, the appearance of an'Amcrican eti- voy, with credentials to tl 5 tyrant Iturbide, might add‘ to' his strength, and thereby aid him in rivetting the chains of despotism upon his country, which of right ought to be free. To be the instrument of a tyranny, however innocent on my part, I could not reconcile to my feelings. With these views, and other reasons, which I have coniiriunicated to Mr. Monroe I have declined accepting the itiissiou to Mexico.’ The celebrated Hindoo philosopher and the- ologian, Rammohun. Roy, who has recently become converted to christianity,coutemplates a visit to the United States. In a letter to a gentleman in Baltimore, dated Calcutta, Oc- tober 9th, 1822, he says, that he shall probably be in this country in the course of the next year. Rammohun Roy is a native of Bengal, and by his writings in the English, and several ofthe Eastern languages, has proved himself to be one ofthe most learned and reiuarkuble men of the present age.—Bult. Patriot. Dreadful ./Icciclr-:nt.—Yesterday forenoon while a trialwas making of the engine of the new steam boat Patent, the engine was stop- ped for the want ofsteam, and the boat made fast to the wharfabove the\Villiauisburg ferity. At the instant ofstartmg the boat again,when there was about six inches of steam, the boiler burst about the middle of the large fine, and scalded six men, all of whom were below and near the engine. The accident cannot be at counted for. [Five of these unfortunate men have since died.]—.l1'erc. fld-v. CONNECTICUT LE G1'sL.a TUBE. if The Legislature of this state_ converted at Hartford on.Wednesday last. Seth P. Beers was re-elected Speaker,and Nathan Johnson, and J. P. Hall, Clerks. The Hon. S. Mer- win was elected President of the Senate ro tem. The Governor having been certifie of his re-election,inet both Housesin the Senate Chamber at-12 o’clock, and took the oath of office, after which a procession w_as formed, and proceeded to the Meeting-house,- wliere the usual exercises took place'—S'enn_on by the Rev. Mr. Taylor, of New-Haven. On Thursday the Goveruor’s Message was ‘communicated to both Houses, and read by Clerks. 500 copies were ordered‘to be print- ed. A bill was passed in the House reducing the compensation of the Lt.Goveriior to $300, and sent to the Senate for concurrence. In the afternoon the two Houses proceeded, by joint balot, to elect a Lietit. Governor, and the result of the first ballot was as follows :—.For David Plant, 137 ; Elias Perkins, 4! ; Zeph- aniali Swift, 19; Scattering, 8——.\Iajorit-y for Mr. Plant, 69. It was thereupon declared by the President of the Senate pro tem. that Mr. Plant was elected._ The following is the GOVERNORS MESSAGE. Gentlemen of the Senate and _ - Gentleineu ofthe H ouse QfR«2prescntat'5'ves, The occasion,iipon which we are convened, naturally reminds us of the loss wliicli' the Councils of this. State have sustained, by the death ofLieutenaut Governor Ingersoll ; but instead of expressing unavailing regrets that our revered Magistrate has been released from the cares of liumanlty,we ought rather to man- ifest our gratitude, that a life so useful, so ex- emplary, so justly esteeined and ‘so beloved, was continued long beyond the period coni- inonly allotted to man, and that in the full maturity of honorable age, his spirit has been united to the great Author of all ‘Being, there to enjoy, as we humbly trust, progressive and permanent felicity. ‘ Free comriiunities have been accustomed to record their veneration for departed excel- l_ence, and I confidently believe, that among our constituents,there exists not a heart,which will not cordially invoke the Parent ofNa.ture, that the memory of a citizen, who was emin- ently ptire in all the relations of private life ; who at the Bar, never endeavored to entangle justice in the meshes of chic-anery, but was the strenuous advocate oftruth and integrity; who as a Judge, was learned, vigilant, candid and impartial; who, as chief of the Legislative department, was a firm and enlightened sup- ‘porter of public institutionsand improvements; above all, who as a Christian, sincerely ap- pealed oii all occasions, to the testimony of his conscience, and whose devotions were ne- ver tainted with bigotry, ostentation,or intol- erauce, may long be cherished, as affording precious examples whereby to direct the con- duct ofhis successors in the various stations, through which, during along life, all these virtues were conspicuously displayed. The institutions of this State are, as,I be- lieve, regularly, though slowly, but asl pre- sume securely, advancing to maturity. The people are calm, industrious, intelligent and persevering; and though they are convinced that much might be done to accelerate the public prosperity, yet they have wisely judg- ed it to be most prut-lent, patiently to await that ultimate success which may confidently be expected, from the progressive influence of public opinion, as it may be enlightened and united by experience and reflectiori. VVe are, cornparatively, a small community, who can accomplish little or nothing beneficial, otherwise than by the example ofa wise and just moral influence. By a merciful Provi- dence, we however live in an age oflight and iuiproveme‘u‘t, and it is a rare felicity attend- ing our situation,that otir neighbors are friends and brethi'en,engagetl in pacific pursuits sim- ilar to our own ; that by means of an extend- ed cornuicrce, and an unsliackled press, we are enabled to contrast‘ our condition with that of other countries, and by tliat.kn‘owledge -which is diffused by our arts, and especially ‘committed to the water four hundred miles . by our systems of education, to compare the enjoynients of the present period with those of the generations who have preceded us.- An tinbouiided prospect is extended before us, where we may view the various habits and policies of men, as they have existed, and us they now exist. W'e can perceive in‘ clans of roving b':irbarians, clad in the skins and iiou'r- ished with the flesh of beasts, alternately gor- ged with rapiue, or pining with famine, at one time reposiiig in idle lassitude, and at another agitated by passions as furious as the torrents whicli surround them, disgusting images of what has been called a state of nature : “'62 can also survey in the wretched victims ofde- generate governments, amidst ruined temples and prostrate monuments of civilization, still more unhappy savages, who vainly seek to .mitigate their miseries, by the robbery and 'destr_uction oftheir fellow men: Even in pow- -erful nations, where human intellect has oc- casionally attained‘ splendid advantages, there exist manifest intlications that the victory of reason over prejudice and vice, has been but fimperfectly accomplished. The palaces ofar- bitrary Kings, who claim to be vice gerents of Heaven, and who insolently assert a" divine 'right to exercise u‘nrestra‘ined autliority, are always erected in the vicinity of dungeons ; . their persons are constantly surrounded by minions, parasites and concealed oligarchs, who iriislead and supplant each other, and who flatter, betray and depose the tyranny which they fear, and of which they are alter- nately the abettors and the victims. Coun- tries so governed, are ever exposed to be de- voured by armies, who are instructed in no precept, but implicit obedience to the will of .1 Master. Though religious opinions are a part of htiman nature, yet the organization of ecclesiastical authority, always conforms to the principles of the existing government. Of course, the Clergy, under despotisms, form a distinct class, and by vows of austerity, or by the wealth which they are permitted to accu- mulate, become alienated from the people, who are either corrupted by pernicious exam- ples, or impoverished by incorporated retreats for idleness, fanaticism and learned ignorance. In these dark abodes, men naturally become adversaries to all reforniations in government, science, arts andcivilization, and too frequent- ly, professional agitators of dissensions, per- secutions and wars, which generating intole- rable abuses, are at length subverted_by san- guinary revolutions, thereby _illustrating the divine prediction, that ‘ the wicked shall befit- led with their own. devices.’ ‘- , This afilicting survey of savage. depraved ‘the earth was covered with its ruins. _ justice however to acknowledge, that whatev- and despotic governments, is however relst by equally clear demonstratioiis of the i.. mortal energy oftruth and reason. We know that some perception of the Divine will has been coeval with the formation of man, and that_God has constantly multiplied the testi- monies of his revelations. The inostiinport- ant truths have always been the iriost appar- ent. No Nation has denied the elementary priuciples,tipon which religion and social ob- ligation depend. At all times, there have ex- isted a pure Church, and a just government. Though frequently obscured, these lights from. heaven have never been extinguished,but have always re-appeared,‘ with renovated splendor,- aftcr every eclipse. When persecuted in one city, science, virtue and freedom have retir- ed to another, leaving a remnant, to renew in some future period, a successful conflict with .ignora'n‘ce, barbarity and vice. It has been in uioderii times, that the most terrible instru- ment ofdivine discipline, even despotic rule, has accumulated power, which, on several oc- casions, has been exerted to destroy abuses, to nourish arts, and to diffuse such inestiinable improvements as have evinced that the a- cliievements attributed to the Heroes of anti- qu_ity, were not entirely yisions ofthe iiiiagiu- ation. . The philosophy of government‘ has been a \ science of slow growth, and thouglrit was not first conceived in America, it has been Iljefe most Signally exhibited in practic_e.g_ t is founded on the plain principles, that men. are sociablc,accountablc beings,andtIuit tIi.e1'1ir_t'g'lits are equal. These axioms cannot be further e- lucidated by any argument. By,all men who exercise their reason, wheresoever the Chris- tian Religion prevails, and while God governs the world, they will be acknowledged as truths. We must expect that conflicts between selfish- ness and defensive force, will ficcoiiipariy their establishnient. Such events and their conse- qucnces were foretold respecting the Divine harbinger of ‘ peace on earth and good will to men,’ who foresaw that he “came not to send - peace, but a sword.” The means by which these principles were firstiiitroduced, and which I trust are‘now'un'- changeably established in this Country, are a- mong the most signal manifestations of Prov- idence, which were ever exhibited. Howev- er worthy they maybe deemed ofa minute’ examination, it must suffice on the present oc- casion, to mark the most prominent charac- teristics wliichjdistinguish us from Europe. In America, progressive‘ improvements, ac- companied with order and tranquility, have constantly proceeded from the diffusion of popular principles, and from public recogni- tions ofthe equal rights of the people. The truths daily become more manifest even to’ ourselves, as our governments extend and ac- quire stability. Our ancestors were a mag- naniiuous race, trained to exertions of both body and mind, and they brought with them high attainments in learning and the elements‘ ofthe most useful arts which had then been acquired. Notwithstanding diversities in ed- ucation, habits and property, they were unit-" ed in opinion and design. Mutual co-opera- tion was necessary not onlyfor the successof their enterprize, but, in their actual condition; to the preservation of their existence. A con- tract» recognizing an equality of rights, was therefore formed. From thefirstlianilet,pro-. cceded Villages; the villages expanded into Towns, where a common sense of duty and u- tility, created establishinents for the support ofeduczition,law and religion, thereby con- stituting small Republics‘; external pressure combined the Towns as States, next as Con- federacies, till we now find ourselves united as a great Nation, yet loosing none ofthe ben- efits which attended our primitive organiza-_ tions, which are found to have acquired addi- tional securities and still tnore minute ramifi- cations, with‘ every increase of knowledge and ‘ experience, and by every exteu'sioi'i of our principles. In our progress we h'av‘é‘found it useful to amplify, to diffuse and define our or- ganic principles, btit have discofvered nothing or to subvert or to revoke. ' In Europe, the‘ intercourse of social re son- ing nien_, was, in an early age, conccntra ed in the City ofPlotn'e, the government ofwhich was a wise, polished and learned, thougli fac- tions, predatory and unbalanced Republic.-—-I Its good qualities proceeded from its popular principles ; its defects from a rapacious aris-‘ tocracy, who constantly claimed, and by craf-" ty compromises obtained, concessions of une- qual priviliges in favour of their order. The‘ power of this city gradually extended by con- quests‘, which were governed by pl‘0C_O1'lSlll2ll' authority, or as"tr'ibu'ta‘ry and dependent colo- nies. The vices of this system are inherent’ and suicidal. The republican features pfthe .Metropolitan City were at length annihilated by a military usurpation; ages oftyranny,lux- ury and vice succeeded ; abuses became intol- erable ; -Rome was crushed by ‘barbarians, and It is but er remains of law, liberty, justice, or religion, among mankind, is to be traced through the bistot y of this Republic. The history of Europe, subsequent tp‘t~he fate of Imperial Roine,- affords illustrations of equally afliictiiig and urore permanent_evils, all resulting from the denial of equal rights to the people. Barbarous hordes, inspired with vindictive resentments against their op- pressors, were by ages of mutual rapine, at last formed into communities. Hence the ' feodal system, or a government by Kings‘ and Chieftains of various confiicting orders, leav- ing to be enjoyed by the people,only the pride and uncertain security, accompaniedwitli the- real toils and dangers incident to military con.- scriptions, or a bare subsistence degraded by servitude. During this period, the once proud Roman retired to a still more humble grade, and his name became the common desigu:i- tion ofa menial slave. Nevertheless heaven- born Christianity had been revealed, and its votaries scattered to mountains and concealed in caves, preserved precious remains. of sci-. ence, civilization and useful arts. Their re: '- treats gradually became the abodes of hospi- tality and comfort, which softened the hearts of barbarians. But while christian and_ ill]: inane principles were diffusing over Europe, the Roman Priesthood were maturing aseries of usurpations, and finally obtaining that an-: rhoriry by fraud, which military power had subverted by force, Rome became at second, time, mistress of the world._ A particular de- scription ofthe conseqtiences ofpontifical ty. ranny, will not be attempted. It must siifiice to say, that it aggravated the abuse of every other tyranny ; it extended to the bodies and souls of men, and debased intellect itself.—~ Disguise-d with huinble liabiliuieilts and «syn-.r:
Norwalk Chronicler