-turn ofthis joyous annivet'sary.
;
F
‘sin
ii.‘ "Peace and prosperity now blessed our- happy
‘country t-ill the war of1799 With l“rance} which
was, however, soon honorably settled. H The sons.
of Columbia had rest, living in the enjoyment of
their well-"won praise, increasing rapidly in gran-
,'(lClll',’fi0_\Vt_:l‘, and strength, till the troubles of?
“ 18'l2,lwhen again we found the necessity of re-
pelling Bl'l'.ish‘-aggt'ess,iODS. The haughty mis-
tress of the oceltn, having trampled on our tights,
and insulted ou’r flag, by seizing and searching
our vessels, and impressing our seamen, was call-
ed ito"tr'y her cause by a resort to arms. The e-
vents of tliis“'..'at' a_re Still fresh in our memories.
Much honor accrued to our nation,a_nd in the short
space of two years and a half, our tiirongs were
redressed, our rights are since regarded. and our
proud flag waves free and respected in every sea.
Many brilliant naval victories were gained on the .
ocean and flxe,lakes.an(l several splendid triumphs
on the land. The long list of land and maritime
heroes, who sign-alized themselves in these ex-
ploits, shall shine with refulgent lustre on the pa-
gcsfof history, whilst the records of their deeds
shall astonish future generations. Their laurcls
sl'tall”bloom with unfading beauty, till the latest
period of time.
’ I
.lOH.N;Q- ADAMS’ A ,;tEss,.
Delivered at"'F'l"2zs/zingtori, on t/:g.°,.}'t,'¢¥ll ¢_>fJuly,‘l82 lv.
Fc.'lc«.°w :Cz’zz'zerz.gj :-'-Until vvifltin a“f‘ew days pre-
ceding that which we-Zhave‘ again asaemhled to
commemorate, our Fathers, the people of mi.-,
Union, had "constituted a portion of the British
nation ; a nation renowned inatts and farms, who
from a small island in the Atlantic Ocean, had ex.
tended their dominion over considerable parts of
CVCTY (lUflTl€r Ofllltfi g‘l0be-.——G()vj5q'y.g.¢(l [jjemséjyes
bl’ 3‘ F393 0f kings. Whose iitle to sovereignty had
originally been founded in conquest, spell-bound
for a succession of ages under that portentous
system ofdespotism and of superstition which, in
the name ofths meek and humble Jesus had been
spreatl over the Christian world, the history of
this natton had, for 700 years, from the days of
the conquest till our own, exhibited a conflict al-
most continual, between the oppressions of power
‘and the claims of right. In the theories of the
‘Crown am! the Mitre man had no right. From
the impenetrable gloom of this intellectual dark-
ness, and the deep degredation of tltisservitttde,
the British nation had partially emerged. The
martyrs of religious freedom had-"co_nsu'med to
ashes at the stake ; the champions of temporal
liberty had bowed their head upon the __scaffold ;
In taking this cursory retrospect, we discover,
with pleasing emotions. the wisdom and -power
ofthe great Jehovah, in conducting our forefa-
thers thro’ seasoftt‘ot1ble and oceans of tlillicul-
ties to that safe, large, and commodious haven of
prosperity in which we are now situated. This
land, which now presents us with all the boome-
ous variety ofnature’s productions, on which 59.
many populous towns and cities have arisen, was
to them a dreary wilderness, and an inl‘.ospi!abl‘e
clime. ‘ VVho. could have predicted that in the
short termof 200 years, an extent of territory
from the bay of l-Iudson on the north to the gulf
of Mexico on the south, from thi: Atlantic shores
on the east to the interior wilds of Louisiana on
the west, including moye than 2000 miles square,
and the spirits ofmany a bloody day had left their
earthly vesture uponlthe field of battle, and soar-
ed to plead the cause of liberty before the throne
of heaven.
From the earliest ages of their recorded histo-
ry, the inhabitants ofthe British Islands" have been
distinguished fortheir intelligence andtheir spi-
rit. How much oftheseitwo qualities. the foun-
tains of-all amelioration in the condition of men,
was stifled by these two principles, of subservien-
_c.y to ecclesiastical usurpation, and of holding
rz'g.'lzs as the donation of kings, this is not the oc-
casion to inquire. Oftheir tendency to palsy the
vigor and enervate the faculties of man, all philo-
sophical reasoning, and all actual experience con-
would have been settled by more than fourteen CW’ 3” W5‘l"l°"Y- Tll°5°lPl'l"°lPl35a h0WeV°"a
millions ofpeople. The lofty trees of the,Amer-
'ican forest have fallen prostrate before a’ hardy
were not peculiar to the people of Britain. They
were the delusions of all Europe, still the most
race of freemen, anti towns and cities have arisen e"ll."~I»'hl€”f3‘l and mos‘ lmP"°"ed l’°"ll0“ 0f the
as by m,,,;,c_ 5cg,o,,15 and (jgttcg-3511;"-3 fiom-. earth. '1 hetemporal chain was rivetted upon the
ished, arts and sciences are encouraged, our
pcoplc of Britain by the Conquest. Their spirit-
commerce is on a respectable footing; whilst our ual letters’ were forged by subtlety wanking upon
marine f,.0,-,,;¢,.5 are $,,~,,,,,,jy fox-tified’ and our superstition. Baneful as the effect ofthese prin-
navy rapidly increasing.
spect shall we not pay to the memory of those
\Vhat tribute of re- Civics Was, they could not forever extinguish the
light of reason in the human mind. ‘The discov-
departed sages, who laid the foundation of our 8P)’ 0f the mariner’s compass was soon‘follotv_ed
mighty republican superstructure; who laid it by the extension of intercourse between nations
in sulfetings, in tears, andin blood.
\V1,i15tu,cy the most distant, and which, without that light
have been embo-.-iomcd in the earth for many beaming in darkness to guide the path of man 0-
years. hundreds of the war-worn veterans ofthe Vcl‘ the boundless waste of waters, could never
,.e,,oju,;o,, 5,3,1 Sup,-3,.e, to hair once more, we re. have been known to each other.
These are the of Printing and the composition of Gunpowder,
The invention
men who "car, duly ,,,,,,,-acme um value of indc- which revolutionized at once the art and science
pendence, being acquainted with its‘ immense Ofwar, and the relations of peace; therevelation
cost, the sacrifices made to obtain it, as well as 0l l"(l1al0 V3560 ll€'Gam8a and lite <llSCl0SlH'C \0
the wretched state of servility from which we
were emancipated. \Vhat do we not owe t_o those
Columbus ofthc American Hemisphere, all re-
sulted from incompressible, energies of the hu-
invincible spiritsiwho made‘ the bold stand and da- m-3“ ll1l8ll<iCl:b0lmd and crippled as it was by the
red to procl_aim tvhetnselves free and independent,
in the face of incensed majesty, regardless of the
thunderous malt-.dictions,or the magisterialthreats
o'f»regal’d_o”‘mination. _ 'lT'uanks to the intrepidity,
double cords ‘of ecclesiastical imposture and po-
litical oppression. To these powerful agents in
the progressive improvement of our sp.:cies,I3rit-
ain can lay no claim. For them the world is
[115 manly fig-mnesg, the unshalgen constancy of indebted to Italy,to Germany, to Portugal, and to
those brave men, forihe inestimable blessings we
arethis day enjoying. _ » _ j ' _ ‘
Citizens‘ of America I Sing loudyour songs of
joy, and swell high your notes of triumph, till dis-
tant lands shall catch the sound, and in tnelotliptzs
responses learn to strike the golden ntnnbersi.-—
And whilst the thrones ofdespots are tottering on
their basis, let the sacred and inviolable princi-
ples of ‘Aim-.rican liberty spread far and wide.—-
Inspired by ou,r_e_xample, millions ofour ract: are
this day burning with" an nnqnench-able” zeal, to
imitate us; whilst royal leagues of tyrants and
usorpcrs, are combining, with united efforts, to
rivet"l'aster their cliains, and sink them deeper,
byadditional burdens, into the mire of ignorance
and degrpdation. South America is making.vi-
olenf exertions; she most, site will be frce.——
The'sa'ci'etl‘flatne has recently burst forth on the
Continent of Europe ; ‘but, we lament to learn, it
iia‘_s’1s‘een‘- partially extinguished. Spain and Por- .
tiogal, 'Naples and ‘Sicily, have begun, Sampson-
llke, to feel for the main pillars ofdespotism ; and
at the ‘return of their strength, to make one
mighty effort, we anticipate its fall.
‘Seated on a proud eminence, the American
Republic shall stand as a friendly beacon,by which
other nations. will be directed. when they embark
on the perilous ocean of revolution, in making
the glorious haven of Independence. l*l.tpp_v
will it be for us, if the maje_stic height to which
our prosperity has elevated us among surround-_
ing nations, does not dazzle our eyes, beclond our
reason, and render tis giddy, that we, in so ‘-a‘;',n«.
fated moment, -let go our hold and fall’ '
shall unborn ages curse the fatal day,,i & _
a nation fell by being intoxicated ‘tv-it_h'"‘heg9 ‘own
power andgreatness. On the wisdom, firmness,
and virtue of those in whom we place confidence
to manage the momenlous concerns of this great
Empire, depends our all. _ ‘
‘Erected on the immtttabtebasis of republican
virtue, the Temple of'Amet"ica‘n Liberty shall
stand like an impregnable towel‘: bidding deh-
ance to enemies, foreign or domestic, to- the la-
test annals of time. And may we not devoutly
look forward to that time, which, we trust, is ap-
proximating, when the sacticd banners of freedom
shall be exte-nded to all the nations of the globe ;
and anticipate with transport" that period when
tyranny shall be known no more, and the king-
doms and empires of the world compose one
grand republic. VVhcn
“ Colmnbz'a’s genius shall [lie mind ins/zz'f_e,
./Ind fill cac/zbreast -wit/z /zatriotic fire.
Nor .East nor 'HI’c.stcrn Oceans .8’/K111 con 21:, .
The generous flame I/lat dignifies I/1e rnirzjd : 3
0’cr all the earth shall _/'reeclom’s banner ‘wave,
T/ie tyrant blast, and liberate» the slave.
Plenty and /Icaccvs/lull .5-/tread from flair to /101;’,
‘Til.’ earzh’.s-gr-audjanzily jzussesa one soul.”
- ' C
At a public cele'bration on the 4th_ of July in
Philadelphia, the Dccaratiozz of Irzdrz/zcndencc
was read by the venerable .'l'nto'rxt1‘ ‘MA"rLAc1’;,
who is nearly .90 years or age. He ‘wrote the
firjst. commission fol’ General W'a'shing-ton,"tvas
anearly and persevering asserter ofthe. princi-
ples of liberty, both in the _'cabinet and in the
field. ‘
[Jl"c=w- York ./Irncricazg; ’ ..
1- .
Spain. All these improvements, however, con-
sisted in successful researches into the properties
and modificationsof external.nature.\ The Reli-
gious Reformation was an improvement in the
science ofthe mind ; an improvement in the in-
tercourse of man with his Creator, and in his ac-_
quaintance with'himself. It was an advance in’
theknowledge of his duties and his rig/zts. It
was a step in the progress of man in comparison
with which the Magnet and the Gunpowder, the
wonders of either India, nay, the Printing Press
itself. were but the paces ofarligmi to the stride
of a giant. If tothis step of htlman advancement
Germany likewise lays claim in the person of
Martin Luther, or in the earlier but ineffectual
martyrdom of John Huss, England may point to
her VVicklifl'e as a yet more primitive vindicator
ofthe same righteous cause, and may insist on the
glory of having contributed her share to the im-
provement of the moral condition of man.
The corruptions and usurp-ations ofthe church
were the immediate objects ofthese reformers ;
but, as the foundation of all their exertions, there
was a single, plain and almost self-evident princi-
ple-—that man has a right to the exercise of his
own reason. It was this principle which the so-
phistry and rapacity ofthe church had obscured
and obliterated, and which the intestine divisions
of the same church itself first restored. The
triumphof reason was the result of inquiry and
discussion. Centuries of desolating wars have
-sttcceeilcd, and oceans of human blood have flow-
ed for-the final'establishment of this principle ;
- , ,but it was from the darkness of the Cloister that
the first spark was emitted, and from the arches
of an University that it first kindled into day.-—‘
From the discussion of religious rights and du-
ties, the transition to that of the civil and politic-
al relations of men with one another, was natural
and unavoidable ; in both, the reformers were
‘met by the weapons of temporal power. At the
same glance of reason, the tiara would have fallen
from the brow of priesthood, and the despotic
sceptre would‘ have departed from the hand of
royalty, but_ for the sword by which they wet e pro-
tccted. The double contest against the oppress-
ors of the Clfurch and State was too appalling for
the vigor, or too comprehensive for the faculties
of the reformers of the European Continent. In
'Britain alone it was undertaken, and in Britain
but partially succeeded. A
' It w.a_sint'he midst ofthat fermentation of the
human intellect which brought right and power
in direct and tlezttlly conflict with each other, that
the rival crowns ofthe two portions ofthe British
Islands were united on the same head.
ihen that,released from the manacles of ecclesias-
ticaI'domination, the minds ofmen began to inves-
tigate themfoundations of civil government. ‘But
the tna.~;s.~"§l'_.-tlie nation surveyed the fabric of their
‘institutions as it existed in fact. It_ had been
founded in conquest ; it had been cemented "in
servitude, and ‘so broken and moulded had been
the minds of this brave and intelligent people to
their actual -condition, that instead ‘of solving civil
society into its first elementsin search of their
origin of their liberties, and claimed their rights
but as donationsf_ft'om"tlieir kings.
This faltering assertion of freedom is not charge-
t.
'-}f
It was
rights, they looked back only to. conquest as the
able'indee%%1pon' the whole nation. There were
spirits capable of ._tracing civil government to its.
foundation in th_e‘moral and physi:cal‘_nature"of
man; but-conquest and sex'vitutle»_..tvere so min-
gled up_.in every particle ofitliit social existehce
of the nation, that they had become vitally neces-
sary' to them, as" a portion of the fluid, itself de-
structive of lif_e,.is indispensably blended with the
atmosphere in which we live. - .
Fellow Citizens, itwwas-,.in the heat of this war
of moral elen1ents,'w,_liich brought one Stuartt to
the block. and,hurledanother from his throne,that
our for-efatvlre_t_'s sought refuge from 1,15 fury invthe
then wilderness ofthis VVestern _\-Vorltl.-
They were willing exiles from a country dearer
to them than life. But they were the exiles of
liberty and of conscience, dearer to them even
than their country. They came too with Char-
ters from their‘ kings ; for, even in removing to
another hemisphere, they ‘ cast, longing, linger-
ing, looks behind,’ and were anxiously desirous
of retaining tiesof connection with their country,
which, in the solemn compact of a charter, they
hoped by the corresponding links of allegiance
and protection to preserve.
But, to their senseof right, the charter was only
the ligament between them, their country, and
their -king. Transpiortcd to a new world,‘ they
had relations with another, and relations withthe
aboriginal inhabitants ofthe country to which they
came, for which no royal "charter could provide.
The first settlers of the f’lymo_uth colony, at the
eve of landingv from their, ship th'crefore, bound
themselves together by awritten covenant ; and,
immediatelty after landing, 1)ux'cliased from the In-
dian natives the right of settlement upon the soil.
Thus was a social compact formed upon the el-
ementary principles of civil society, in which con-
quest and servitude had no part. The slough of
brutal force was entirely cast off : all was volun-
tary ; all was unbiassed consent; all was the a-
grecment of soul with soul.1 ' »_
Other colonies were successively founded, and
othercharters granted, until, in the compass ofa
century and a half, thirteen distinct British provin-
ces peopled the Atlantic sho_res.of the North A-
merian continent with two millions of freemen ;
possessing‘ by their charter the rights of British
subjects, and nurtured, by their position and ed-
ucation in the more comprehensive and original
doctrines of human rights. From their infancy,
they had been tre_ated by the parent state with
negjlect..hat'sht3c.ss, anti injustice. Their char-'
ters had often been, disregarded and violated ;
their commerce restricted and shackled; their
interests nantonly or spitefully sacrificed; so that
the hand of the parent had been scarcely ever
felt. but in the alternate application of whips and
scorpions. _ '_ V '
' \Vlten, in spite of these persecutions, by the ‘
natural vigor 01 their constitution, they were just
attaining the maturity of political rnanhood, a
British Parliament, in contempt of the" clearest
maxims of natural equity, in defiance of the_fun-
damental principle upon which British freedom
itself had been cemented with British blood ;' on
the naked unblushiog allegation of an absolute
and uncontrollable power,undertook, by their act,
to levy,- without representation and without con-
sent, _taa:cs upon the people of America, for the_.__
benefit ofthc people of Britain.-‘—,'l_‘his enormous ._
l
known than it excited throughout the colonies one
general ‘burst of indignant resista_nce_.--It was a-
bandoned, re-asserted and resumed,'tintil fleets
and armies were transported, to record, in the
characters of fire, famine, and’ desolation, the
trans-atlantic wisdom of llritish legislation, and
the tender mercies of British consanguinity.
Fellow citizens, I am speakiugofdays long past.
Ever faithful to the semi mcnt p—roclaim'ed»in the
puperl‘ which I am about to present once more to
your memory ‘ofthe past. and for your forecast of
the future; you will hold the people of l5t'itaio,—l
as you holdthe rest of mankind--Enemies in war,
in peace, Friends. The conflict for Independence
is now itself but a tccord ofhistory. The resent-
ments of that age may be buried in oblivion._ The
stoutest hearts which then supported the tug of
war are cold under the clot! of the valley. My
purpose is to rekinrlle no angry passion from its ,
embers ; but this annual solemn perusal ofthe in-
strument which proclaimed to the world the can-
ses of your existence as a nation, is not without
its just and useful purpose. it '
lt is not by the yearly reiteration ofthe wrongs
endured by your fathers, to evoke from the Sepal-
chreof Time the shades of departed Tyranny ; it
is not to-draw from their dread abode the frailties
‘of an unfortunate monarch who now sleeps with
his father, and the sufferings of whose latter days
may have atoned at the bar of Divine Mercy for
the sins which the accusing Angel will read from
this scroll to his charge ; it is not to exult in the
great moral triumph by which the Supreme Gov-
ernor of the world crowned thelcause of your
country with success. No ; the purpose for which
you listen with renewed and never-languishing de-
light to the reading ofthis paper is of a purer and
more exalted cast. It is sullied with no vindic-
tive recollection. It is degraded by no rankling
resentment. It is inflated with no vain and idle
exultation of victory. The Declaration of Inde-
-'pendence, in its primary purport, was merely an
occa, ‘ta.’ state paper. , It was a solemn exposi-
tion to the world, of the Cuusr-3 tt hich had com/zel-
led the people of a small ‘portion of the British
--empire to cast off the allegiance, and renounce
the protection ofthe British king. For the inde-
pendence of North America, there were ample
‘and sulflicient causes in the laws of moral and phy-
sical nature. The tie of colonial subjection is
t';'omp-atible with the essential purposes of civil
government, only when the condition of the sub-
ordinate state is, from its weakness, ‘incompetent
toits own protection. Is the greatest moral pur-
pose ofcivil government the administration ofjus-
tice? And, if justice has been truly defined the
constant and perpetual will of securing to every
one his right, how absurd and impracticable
islhat form of policy in which the dispenser
of justice is --in one quarter of the globe,
and he to whom justice is to be dispensed is
in another; where ‘ moons revolve and oceans
roll between the order ahdiits execution ;’ where
time and space must be annihilated to secure to
e.v‘ery one his right. The tie of colonial subjec-
tion maysuit the relations" between a great naval
power and the settlers ofa small and I‘t:m0l¢ island
’ and his country.
* «.
‘Mlle Incipient s_tages__of society : but was it pos.
stble for Briu_sh_1_nt_elltgenee to imagine, or Brit.
lsh sense of justice to desire, that, 11,,-ough ‘he
f"¢¢l{|€D._Wh0 were _to civilize the wilderness, .
and fall with human life the solitudes ofthis ini-
mense continent, should receive the mandates 6f
their earthly, destinies from a, council chamber at
bt. .lanies’s, or how forever in -submission to the
omnipotence of St. Stephen's Chapels’ Are the
essential purposes of civil government to adminis-
ter to the wants,‘ and to fortify the mfirmities of .
minds. for ‘ht Promotion of the well-being of all?
The first moral element, then, ofthis" composi-
‘tion is sympathy between the members of which
it consists; the second is'synipathy between‘ the.
giver and the receiver of the law. -A . _ V _
The sympathies of men begin with theafiections
of domestic life. They are rooted -in. the natural
relations of husband and wife, of parent and child,
ofbrother and sister ; thence-they spread through
the social and moral propinquities of lllettciglibott
and friend, to the broader. and more complicated
relations of countryman and fellow. citizen; ter...
minating only with the ci1'cum_fet'enee of the globe
which we inhabit, in the co-extensive’ charities
incident tothe common nature of man. .To,eacn-
ofthese relations, different degrees. olisympifttliy
are allotted by the. ordinances of nature. — The
sympathies of domestic life are not more sacred
and obligatory, but closer and more powerful, than
thoseol neighborhood and ‘friendship. .’J.‘h't: tie
whi_c_l1 binds us to, our country, is not more holy
in the sight of God, but it is,_more deeply seated
in our nature, more tender. and endearing, than
that looser link which mcrclytconnects. us with
our fellow mortal man. - ' . . . l - ’
It is a common government that constitutes our
country. But in that association, all thehsympa-:"
thies of domestic life ‘and kindred blood, all the.
moral ligatures of friendship and of neighborhood,
are combined with that instinctive and mysterious
connexion between man and physical nature,
which binds the first perceptions of.-childhood. in a,
chain of sympathy Mlh the last gasp ofexpiring ,
age, to the spot of our nativity, and the natut'a§l‘.
objects by which it is surrounded. These sytfitf
pathies belong and are indispensable to the rela.--
tions ordained by nature between the individual
They dwell_in_ the memoryand
are indelible in the hearts ofthe first settlers ofa
distant colony. These are the feelings under
which the children of Israel ‘ sat donfngby the ti-
vet-__s of Babylon, and wept when they rentemberc
ed Zion.’ These are the; sympathies under which 4
they “hung their harps upon the willows,’ audio-
stead of songs of mirth, exclaimed, ‘ If I forget
thee, 0 Jerusalem, let my right hand forget her,
cunning.’ But these sympathies can never exist
fora country, which we have never seen.--_'l‘he"y
generations, from the. gounrry of human instito-“-
tion, to the country ohtlieir birth; from the land -' -
of which they have only heard, to the land where
neighborhood are broken u p, those of friendship
can never be formed, with~an inter_venin,g;-ocean?
.,and the natural ties of ' domestte_hfe', the all-subé -
project of public :'o‘:)bcry was no ‘sooner made ,-Qtuijng syu1pathies’0f love, the indissolitble-bonds‘
"of mar riage, the heart-ritvetted tkindlinessjof con-
"sanguinity, graduallywither and perish In the
lapse of a few. generations. All-the elements
'which.form the basis of that sympa'thy_,betweet‘i
the. individual and his country are dissolved.
Long before -the Declaration of Independence
the great mass of the people of] America
and of ‘the people of Britain had become
total strangers to each other. The people-
of.Ame'rica- we_re=ltnown to the People 'of-Britain
only by the transactions of trade ,-.. by shiptnentls
bflumber and flaxseed, indigo and tobacco- They‘
,.::_were known to the government only ,by_:halfa~;do»'.'~
zeta colonialbagents, humble, and often spurned
suitors at the feet. of power, and by royal; got-“en,-
nors,,.'minions of patronage, sent from the loot-
stool-._0,_fa throne beyond théiseas, to; rule a'~p'co'pl.e
of wliom they -knew nothing; as if an i.nhabitanc.
of the moon should descend to give 1-and to the
dtvellersupon earth.—Here and there, a- man of
ry, knew something of the colonies, hsjhe knew
something of Cochin China and Japan. Yet even
the prime minister of England, urging upon his
omnip_otent.Pat'l_iament laws for grinding the co-
lonies to submission, could talk, without amaz- '
ing or’-divcrtinghis hearers, of the Island ol’Vir-
ginia'_:- even Edmund Burke, ‘a man of more 6-
thereal mit_i_d,=‘:__a“p,ologizing to the people of Bristol’
for the.ofi'encef.pf;sympathising with the distresses_'
o'f our,countr'y,'_',r._'a_-vagccl by the fire andsword of
Britons,-,_,askegl.';i:n.dulgence for his. feelings 'on;_tlIe
score of';g_e_neral}:h-umanity, and expressly dec‘la_t_'-1
ed that the A'meric_ans ‘were a nation _utte’tt stran-
gers to l1i___x_n_, anti-‘among whom he was not .sure'of
having; a3-;,_s‘j.i,tIgle,'.tt:‘quaintance.' The,sym‘pathies,
theret'ore,_}:mo'st essential to the communion of
country were, ‘between the British and American
people, e)'itin_ct._ Those most indispensable 1:5
the ju.st.t:elati_on.between sovereign and subject,
had’ never e'xi_sted‘ai)d could not exist between the
British gove.rnm;etnt and the‘-American, people,
The connexion _w_as unnatural; and it was in Elbe
moral order, no less than in the pqsitivetdegi-;es
of Providence, thatit should be dis‘§olv,ed;> ‘
[Conclusion next wcek.] ' '_ j . 2 '
.5
-_¢_} _‘
FOREIGN NEWS. ._
Latest from England.--By an arrival atBostot;.
in seven days from Halifax, we learn that LondoiI*3"
papers to the 16th of June had been received at
that place, from which we gather the following. - *
The Spanish government have agreedto make "
the- experiment as to their AAm'erican"c.olonies,f
which has beenrecently published in the Ameri-
can ‘papers--forming three American govern-
ments, presided over by members ofthe’ Royal‘
-Family--with local legislatures--and tributary
to the mother country. . ‘ i . -
The counter—revolutionary leader Merino con-
tinues to give old Spain much trouble, and threat-
ens her with more. It is said his fotice increases.
It has-been proposed to declare some districes in
a state of siege--but the government force, was
sufficient to eventually put down Merino. — p -
The revolutionary movements against Turkey
appear to grow moreformidable, and ,the,‘govcr'n-f
mentof Constantinople tobecdme more desper_at_e. i
It has caused 16 christian churches thetjeto he .
» y
_ A *'T/ic_,.Dcclarat_z'on of Inz1e,'zczzt‘IcI:cc—-read/‘rant
{/28 Original Manuscript. - .
demolished. Austria and Russia will probably
boundless ages of time, the swarming myriads of
solitary men?‘ To unite the sinews of numberless A
arms, and combine the councils of multitudes of-.-__-;‘L'..
are transferred in the breasts of the succeeding. -3
their eyes first. opened to the day. "I'M. ties at -
letters and a statesman, conversant with all histo-._~; ‘
Norwalk Chronicler